Fumarate esters

ABSTRACT

Described herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more fumarate esters, processes for making the same, and compositions and methods for treating multiple sclerosis subjects with the compositions. In particular, oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarate esters in liquid vehicles are described. One embodiment is an oral delayed release pharmaceutical dosage form comprising a soft capsule encapsulating an immediate releasing liquid comprising one or more fumarate esters.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 toU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/492,374, filed on May 1, 2017and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/386,175, filed Dec. 21, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/248,506, filed on Aug. 26, 2016, now U.S. Pat.No. 9,636,318 and which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 62/356,872, filed on Jun.30, 2016 and 62/300,941, filed on Feb. 29, 2016, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/073,720,filed on Mar. 18, 2016, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,517,209, which is a divisionof U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/840,072, filed on Aug. 31, 2015,now U.S. Pat. No. 9,326,947, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/633,164, filed on Feb. 27, 2015, now U.S.Pat. No. 9,326,965 and which claims benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C.§ 119 to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Nos. 61/946,233, filed onFeb. 28, 2014; 61/950,648, filed on Mar. 10, 2014; 62/011,604, filed onJun. 13, 2014; and 62/061,185, filed on Oct. 8, 2014. Each of theforegoing applications are individually incorporated herein in theirentirety by express reference thereto.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Described herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or morefumarate esters, processes for making the same, and compositions andmethods for treating multiple sclerosis subjects with the compositions.In particular, oral pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarateesters in liquid vehicles are described. One embodiment is an oraldelayed release pharmaceutical dosage form comprising a soft capsuleencapsulating an immediate releasing liquid comprising one or morefumarate esters.

BACKGROUND

Fumarate esters, including dialkyl fumarates and monoalkyl fumarates arepharmacologically active organic substances useful for treatinghyperproliferative, inflammatory, or autoimmune disorders. Both dimethylfumarate (DMF) and monomethyl fumarate (MMF) activate the nuclear factorerythroid-derived 2-like (Nrf2) pathway in vitro and in vivo in humans.The Nrf2 pathway is involved in the cellular response to oxidativestress. MMF has also been identified as a nicotinic acid receptoragonist in vitro.

TECFIDERA® (dimethyl fumarate) is indicated for the treatment ofpatients with relapsing-remitting forms of multiple sclerosis. SeeTECFIDERA® Prescribing Information, January 2017 at 2 (Biogen Inc.),which is incorporated herein in its entirety for the teachings thereof.TECFIDERA ® is formulated as hard gelatin delayed-release capsulescontaining 120 mg or 240 mg of enterically coated DMF minitablets.

Upon oral ingestion, one methyl moiety of DMF is hydrolysed by esterasesto form MMF, the bioactive metabolite. After absorption, MMF is believedto interact with immunocytes in the bloodstream. The primary plasmametabolites of DMF are MMF, fumaric acid, citric acid, and glucose.Monomethyl fumarate is further metabolized in the tricarboxylic acidcycle to carbon dioxide and water.

Fumarate esters produce various undesirable side effects, includingflushing, headaches, dizziness, eructation, nausea, vomiting, abdominalor intestinal cramps, and diarrhea. High concentrations of the drugreleased in the stomach are believed to be responsible for such sideeffects.

Accordingly, it is desirable to develop oral formulations of fumarateesters that provide enchanced bioavailability and lower doses offumarate esters as compared to TECFIDERA® and that are equallyefficacious for treating multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, or otherneurodegenerative, hyperproliferative, inflammatory, or autoimmunedisorders.

SUMMARY

One embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceutical compositioncomprising about 60 mg to about 200 mg of one or more fumarate esters inan immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle. In oneaspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate, monomethylfumarate, a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate. Inanother aspect, the fumarate ester comprises monomethyl fumarate. Inanother aspect, the immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquidvehicle comprises a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides,polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lacticacid. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in softcapsule. In another aspect, the composition is encapsulated in anenterically coated soft capsule. In another aspect, the fumarate estercomprises about 80 mg to about 100 mg. In another aspect, the fumarateester comprises about 160 mg to about 200 mg. In another aspect, uponadministration to a subject, the composition activates a nuclear factorerythroid-derived 2-like (Nrf2) dependent pathway.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage formcomprising a soft capsule and bout 85 mg to about 100 mg of one or morefumarate esters in an immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueousliquid vehicle. In one aspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof. In another aspect, the immediate releasingsingle-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle comprises a mixture of mono- anddi-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castoroil, and lactic acid. In another aspect, the soft capsule is entericallycoated. In another aspect, administration of two dosage forms to asubject provides pharmacokinetic parameters that are bioequivalent to asingle 240 mg dose of dimethyl fumarate. In another aspect, the 240 mgdose of dimethyl fumarate comprises a delayed release capsule comprisinga plurality of enterically coated minitablets. In another aspect, thedosage form releases about 50% of the fumarate ester after about 50 minto about 65 min in sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, in a USP Apparatus 2 at 37°C. In another aspect, contemporaneous administration of two dosage formsto a subject provides one or more of the following pharmacokineticparameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1860ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.82 hr;(c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL;(d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr ng/mL;(e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) amean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage formcomprising a soft capsule and bout 160 mg to about 200 mg of one or morefumarate esters in an immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueousliquid vehicle. In one aspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof. In another aspect, the immediate releasingsingle-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle comprises a mixture of mono- anddi-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castoroil, and lactic acid. In another aspect, the soft capsule is entericallycoated. In another aspect, administration of one dosage form to asubject provides one or more of the following pharmacokineticparameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 2370ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.8 hr;(c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3440 hr·ng/mL;(d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3470 hr·ng/mL;(e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 0.86%; (f) amean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating or reducingsymptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject comprising administering toa subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising about60 mg to about 200 mg of one or more fumarate esters in an immediatereleasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle. In one aspect, thefumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, apro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof. In anotheraspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate. In anotheraspect, the fumarate ester comprises monomethyl fumarate. In anotheraspect, the immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehiclecomprises a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone,polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lactic acid. In another aspect,the composition is encapsulated in soft capsule. In another aspect, thecomposition is encapsulated in an enterically coated soft capsule. Inanother aspect, the fumarate ester comprises about 80 mg to about 100mg. In another aspect, the fumarate ester comprises about 160 mg toabout 200 mg. In another aspect, upon administration, the compositionactivates a nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like (Nrf2) dependentpathway.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating or reducingsymptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject comprising administering toa subject in need thereof one or more pharmaceutical dosage formscomprising about 80 mg to about 100 mg of one or more fumarate esters inan immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle. In oneaspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate. In anotheraspect, the fumarate ester comprises monomethyl fumarate. In anotheraspect, contemporaneous administration to a subject of two dosage formsprovides pharmacokinetic parameters that are bioequivalent to a single240 mg dose of dimethyl fumarate. In another aspect, the 240 mg dose ofdimethyl fumarate comprises a delayed release capsule comprising aplurality of enterically coated minitablets. In another aspect,contemporaneous administration to a subject of two dosage forms providesone or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1860 ng/mL; (b) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.82 hr; (c) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating or reducingsymptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject comprising administering toa subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical dosage from comprising about160 mg to about 200 mg of one or more fumarate esters in an immediatereleasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle. In one aspect, thefumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate. In another aspect, thefumarate ester comprises monomethyl fumarate. In another aspect,administration of one dosage form to a subject provides one or more ofthe following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethylfumarate C_(max) of about 2370 ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethylfumarate T_(max) of about 3.8 hr; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→τ) of about 3440 hr ng/mL; (d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→∞) of about 3470 hr ng/mL; (e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(% ex) of about 0.86%; (f) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el)of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) ofabout 0.5 hr.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating or reducingsymptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject comprising administering toa subject in need thereof about 340 mg to about 400 mg per day ofmonomethyl fumarate or dimethyl fumarate in an immediate releasingsingle-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle. In one aspect, administrationcomprises a single dose of about 170 mg to about 200 mg of dimethylfumarate or monomethyl fumarate twice per day. In another aspect,administration comprises contemporaneously administering two doses ofabout 85 mg to about 100 mg of dimethyl fumarate or monomethyl fumaratetwice per day.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating or reducingsymptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject comprising administering toa subject in need thereof about 170 mg to about 200 mg of dimethylfumarate or monomethyl fumarate in an immediate releasing single-phasenon-aqueous liquid vehicle that provides one or more of the followingpharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateC_(max) of about 1860 ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateT_(max) of about 3.82 hr; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el)of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) ofabout 0.5 hr.

Another embodiment described herein is an oral pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising about 85 mg to about 100 mg of dimethyl fumarateor monomethyl fumarate in an immediate releasing single-phasenon-aqueous liquid vehicle.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows two-stage dissolution experiments of dosage forms shown inTable 9.

FIG. 2 shows BLS-11 release in two-stage dissolution experiments ofdosage forms shown in Table 9.

FIG. 3 shows plasma monomethyl fumarate concentrations as a function oftime after administration of 190 mg of BLS-11.

FIG. 4 shows plasma monomethyl fumarate concentrations as a function oftime after administration of 200 mg of BLS-11.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Described herein are pharmaceutical compositions of mono- and di-alkylfumarate esters, such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate,pro-drugs of monomethyl fumarate, other pharmacologically activefumarate esters, or combinations thereof.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein provide one or morefumarate esters or pro-drugs thereof in liquid vehicles. In oneembodiment, the composition comprises a single-phase liquid. In anotherembodiment, the composition comprises a hydrophobic liquid, ahydrophilic liquid, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, thecomposition comprises a lipophilic liquid or a lipid liquid. In anotherembodiment, the composition comprises an aqueous liquid or ahydrophilic, non-aqueous liquid. In another embodiment, the compositioncomprises a solution of fumarate ester(s), a suspension of fumarateester(s), or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the compositioncomprises an emulsion of hydrophilic and hydrophobic vehicles. In oneaspect, the composition comprises a fluid, a viscous fluid, a colloid,gel, semisolid, or solid.

In one embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester pharmaceuticalcomposition is a liquid encapsulated within a soft capsule shell. Inanother embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester pharmaceuticalcomposition is a liquid encapsulated within a hard capsule shell. Inanother embodiment, the capsule is a soft capsule coated with an entericcoating and one or more subcoatings or top coatings. In anotherembodiment described herein, the composition is encapsulated in a hardcapsule or an enteric hard capsule. In another embodiment describedherein, the composition is encapsulated in a hard capsule comprising anenteric coating and one or more subcoatings or top coatings. In anotherembodiment described herein, the fumarate ester is in the form of asolution or suspension of solid microparticles of defined size in alipid or lipophilic vehicle. In some aspects described herein, the lipidor lipophilic vehicle may comprise one or more hydrophilic polymers orspecies, but as described herein, the vehicle is considered a lipid orlipophilic vehicle.

As used herein, the term “fumarate ester” refers to anypharmacologically active mono- or di-alkyl fumarate ester, such asmonomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, or other fumarate esters, acids,salts, pro-drugs of monomethyl fumarate, derivatives thereof,combinations, or mixtures of any of the foregoing. Fumarate ester asused herein also comprises prodrugs that are metabolized to monomethylfumarate after administration to a subject.

The terms “active ingredient” or “active pharmaceutical ingredient” asused herein refer to a pharmaceutical agent, active ingredient,compound, or substance, compositions, or mixtures thereof, that providea pharmacological, often beneficial, effect.

The term “dose” as used herein denotes any form of the active ingredientformulation that contains an amount sufficient to produce a therapeuticeffect with a single administration.

The term “dosage” as used herein refers to the administering of aspecific amount, number, and frequency of doses over a specified periodof time, typically 1 day.

The term “dosage form” as used herein refers to any pharmaceuticalcomposition described herein in a form that can be administered to asubject. The dosage form used herein is for oral administration.Exemplary dosage forms described herein include capsules, hard capsules,soft capsules, enteric soft capsules, coated soft capsules, suspensions,solutions emulsions, or the like.

The term “soft capsule” or “soft gel capsule” as used herein refers to acapsule comprising one or more film-forming polymers that is capable ofencapsulating a “matrix” or “fill” comprising pharmaceuticallyacceptable excipients and one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients.

The term “enteric soft capsule” as used herein refers to a soft capsulecomprising one or more enteric polymers in the shell or a soft capsulethat has been coated with one or more enteric coatings that are appliedto the external surface of the capsule as described herein. The coatedsoft capsule may have one or more subcoatings applied prior to theapplication of the enteric coating.

The terms “matrix,” “fill,” or “matrix fill” as used herein refer to acomposition comprising one or more active pharmaceutical ingredientsthat is encapsulated within a capsule. Often the matrix comprises avehicle, one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients, and one or morepharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In one aspect described herein,the matrix is a liquid and comprises a lipid or lipophilic liquidcomprising one or more fumarate esters.

The terms “active pharmaceutical ingredient load” or “drug load” as usedherein refers to the quantity (mass) of the active pharmaceuticalingredient comprised in a single soft capsule fill.

The terms “formulation” or “composition” as used herein refers to thedrug in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. Thisterm includes orally administrable formulations as well as formulationsadministrable by other means.

The term “titration” as used herein refers to the incremental increasein drug dosage to a level that provides the optimal therapeutic effect.

The term “immediate release” as used herein refers to a composition thatreleases an active ingredient after a short period of time, typicallywithin about 10 to 30 min.

The term “delayed release” as used herein refers to a composition thatreleases an active ingredient after a period of time, for exampleminutes or hours, such that the active ingredient is not releasedinitially. A delayed release composition may provide, for example, therelease of a drug or active ingredient from a dosage form, after acertain period, under specific physiological conditions, or in aspecific condition in an vitro test. In one aspect as used herein,delayed release refers to the ability of a dosage form to remain intactin the stomach or in vitro at a pH of about 1.2, and then beginreleasing the active ingredient in the duodenum or in vitro at a pH ofabout 6.8 after a short period of time.

The term mean “particle size distribution” (PSD) as used herein refersto the mean particle size from a statistical distribution of a range ofparticle sizes as described herein. The distribution may be a Gaussian,normal distribution, or a non-normal distribution. The terms such as“d90,” “d50,” and “d10” refer to the percentage (e.g., 90%, 50%, or 10%,respectively) of particle sizes that are less than a specified size,range, or distribution. For example, “d90≤100 μm” means that 90% of theparticle within a distribution are less than or equal to 100 m.

The term “C_(max)” as used herein refers to the maximum observed blood(plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration or the maximum bloodconcentration calculated or estimated from a concentration to timecurve, and is expressed in units of mg/L or ng/mL, as applicable.

The term “C_(min)” as used herein refers to the minimum observed blood(plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration or the minimum bloodconcentration calculated or estimated from a concentration to timecurve, and is expressed in units of mg/L or ng/mL, as applicable.

The term “C_(avg)” as used herein refers to the blood (plasma, serum, orwhole blood) concentration of the drug within the dosing interval, iscalculated as AUC/dosing interval, and is expressed in units of mg/L orng/mL, as applicable.

The term “T_(max)” as used herein refers to the time afteradministration at which C_(max) occurs, and is expressed in units ofhours (h) or minutes (min), as applicable.

The term “AUC_(0→τ)” as used herein refers to area under the blood(plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration versus time curve fromtime zero to time tau (τ) over a dosing interval at steady state, wheretau is the length of the dosing interval, and is expressed in units ofh·mg/L or h·ng/mL, as applicable. For example, the term AUC_(0→12) asused herein refers to the area under the concentration versus time curvefrom 0 to 12 hours.

The term “AUC_(0→∞)” as used herein refers to the area under the blood(plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration versus time curve fromtime 0 hours to infinity, and is expressed in units of h·mg/L orh·ng/mL, as applicable.

The term “AUC_(overall)” as used herein refers to the combined areaunder the blood (plasma, serum, or whole blood) concentration versustime curve, and is expressed in units of h·mg/L (or h·ng/mL) for greaterthan one dose of the pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Inone aspect, the “AUC_(overall)” refers to the combined area under theblood concentration versus time curve for at least two doses of thepharmaceutical compositions described herein.

The terms “bioequivalence” or “bioequivalent” as used herein refer to adrug product or dosage form that has highly similar release and systemicabsorption as compared to a reference drug. The U.S. Food, Drug andCosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. § 505(j)(8)(B)(i)) provides that a drug isbioequivalent to a reference listed drug (RLD) if: “the rate and extentof absorption of the drug do not show a significant difference from therate and extent of absorption of the listed drug when administered atthe same molar dose of the therapeutic ingredient under similarexperimental conditions in either a single dose or multiple doses.”

The phrase “enhanced bioavailability” as used herein refers to theincreased proportion of an active pharmaceutical ingredient that entersthe systemic circulation when introduced into the body as compared to areference active pharmaceutical's bioavailability. Bioavailability canbe determined by comparing the rate and extent of absorption of a drugwith a reference drug when administered at the same molar dose of theactive therapeutic ingredient under similar experimental conditions ineither a single dose or multiple doses. Typical pharmacokineticparameters can be used to demonstrate enhanced bioavailability comparedto the reference drug.

The term “treating” refers to administering a therapy in an amount,manner, or mode effective (e.g., a therapeutic effect) to improve acondition, symptom, disorder, or parameter associated with a disorder,or a likelihood thereof.

The term “prophylaxis” refers to preventing or reducing the progressionof a disorder, either to a statistically significant degree or to adegree detectable to one skilled in the art.

The term “substantially” as used herein means to a great or significantextent, but not completely.

As used herein, all percentages (%) refer to mass (or weight, w/w)percent unless noted otherwise.

The term “about” as used herein refers to any values, including bothintegers and fractional components that are within a variation of up to±10% of the value modified by the term “about.”

As used herein, “a” or “an” means one or more unless otherwisespecified.

Terms such as “include,” “including,” “contain,” “containing,” “having,”and the like mean “comprising.”

The term “or” can be conjunctive or disjunctive.

One embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising one or more fumarate esters for treating multiple sclerosisor other neurological disorders. Particles or micronized powders of oneor more fumarate esters can be suspended or solvated in varioussolutions. The solutions can comprise lipids or lipophilic liquids oraqueous or hydrophilic liquids, or combinations thereof. Such liquidscan be encapsulated in capsules, such as hard or soft capsules. In oneembodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a non-aqueous,single-phase, flowable liquid. In one embodiment, the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprises a liquid comprising one or more lipid liquids,lipophilic liquids, hydrophilic liquids, or a combination thereof. Inone embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a liquidcomprising one or more lipid liquids, lipophilic liquids, or acombination thereof. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositioncomprises a liquid comprising one or more lipophilic liquids,hydrophilic liquids, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, thepharmaceutical composition comprises a liquid comprising one or morelipid liquids.

Another embodiment described herein, is an immediate releasepharmaceutical composition comprising one or more fumarate esters fortreating multiple sclerosis or other neurological disorders. Anotherembodiment is a delayed release pharmaceutical composition comprising asoft capsule shell encapsulating an immediate release liquid fillcomprising one or more fumarate esters. Another embodiment is a delayedrelease pharmaceutical composition comprising capsule shell coated withone or more subcoatings, one or more enteric coatings, and one or moretopcoating moisture barriers encapsulating an immediate release liquidfill comprising one or more fumarate esters. In one aspect, thepharmaceutical composition comprises one or more fumarate esters in animmediate releasing liquid that is encapsulated in an enteric softcapsule that provides delayed release of the fumarate ester in theintestines. In one aspect, the enteric soft capsule is a soft capsulethat is coated with one or more enteric polymers. In another aspect, thesoft capsule is additionally coated with a moisture barrier thatimproves the integrity of the capsule and eliminates cosmetic defectssuch as dimpling, flattening, or capsules sticking to each other.

The fumarate ester particles described herein (e.g., dimethyl fumarateor monomethyl fumarate, or prodrugs of monomethyl fumarate) may begenerated by any particle size reduction or particle growth methodologyknown to one having ordinary skill the art. Exemplary and non-limitingmethods comprise “top-down” reductions in particle size includingmechanical micronization techniques, where larger particles arecomminuted into smaller particles by jet milling, ball milling, orhigh-pressure homogenization; or particle engineering techniques such ascryogenic spraying or crystal engineering. In addition, “bottom-up”processing may be used to prepare suitable particle sizes as describedherein using dual solvent/anti-solvent rapid precipitation techniques.See, Handbook of Pharmaceutical Granulation Technology, CRC Press,3^(rd) Edition, 2010, which is incorporated by reference herein forteachings related to generating pharmaceutical particles. In one aspectdescribed herein, fumarate ester particles of a specified sizedistribution are produced using milling.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises liquidfills for fumarate esters, such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethylfumarate, prodrugs thereof, or derivatives thereof, based on lipids orlipophilic vehicles or hydrophilic vehicles. Some of the describedmatrices have a hydrophobic (lipophilic) surface in contact with thehydrophilic soft capsule shell to minimize any potential shell-fillinteractions, such as when soft capsules are filled with hydrophilicvehicles. In other aspects, the fumarate esters are suspended innon-aqueous hydrophilic solutions containing one or more hydrophilicpolymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols, propyleneglycols, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil (e.g., glycerylpolyethylene glycol oxystearate, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil;Cremophor® RH 40), or combinations thereof.

Described herein are methods for manufacturing liquid fills comprisingfumarate esters, such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate,prodrugs thereof, or derivatives thereof, in a controlled release softcapsule in the form of a suspension, where part or all of the fumarateester is suspended within the composition. Also provided arecompositions and formulations where the fumarate ester is incorporatedinto a single-phase liquid vehicle.

Also described herein are methods for manufacturing liquid fillscomprising fumarate esters or derivatives thereof, in a delayed releasesoft capsule in the form of a solution and or suspension, where part orall of the fumarate ester is dissolved and/or suspended within thecomposition.

Another embodiment described herein is a delayed release capsule havinga shell and a fill, wherein the fill includes a lipid or lipophilicliquid vehicle comprising a suspension or solution of solid particles ofone or more fumarate esters such as dimethyl fumarate, monomethylfumarate, prodrugs thereof, or derivatives thereof. In anotherembodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises a liquid lipid orlipophilic vehicle comprising oils, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, or acombination thereof. In one embodiment, the vehicle is a single-phaselipid or lipophilic liquid at room temperature and prevents sublimationof the fumarate ester. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilicliquid vehicle comprises one or more oils, mono/diglycerides, polyoxylhydrogenated castor oils, polyvinylpyrrolidones, or a combinationthereof. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic liquid vehiclecomprises an oil. In another embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehiclecomprises mono/diglycerides, polyoxyl hydrogenated castor oils,polyvinylpyrrolidones, or a combination thereof.

Exemplary lipid or lipophilic vehicles comprise mineral oil; lightmineral oil; natural oils (e.g., vegetable, corn, canola, sunflower,soybean, olive, coconut, cocoa, peanut, almond, cottonseed, persic,sesame, squalane, castor, cod liver) hydrogenated vegetable oil;partially hydrogenated oils; beeswax; polyethoxylated beeswax; paraffin;normal waxes; medium chain medium chain monoglycerides, diglycerides andtriglycerides; higher aliphatic alcohols; higher aliphatic acids; longchain fatty acids; saturated or unsaturated fatty acids; hydrogenatedfatty acids; fatty acid glycerides; polyoxyethylated oleic glycerides;monoglycerides and diglycerides; mono-, bi- or tri-substitutedglycerides; glycerol mono-oleate esters; glycerol mono-caprate; glycerylmonocaprylate; propylene glycol dicaprylate; propylene glycolmonolaurate; glyceryl palmitostearate; glyceryl behenate;diethyleneglycol palmitostearate; polyethyleneglycol stearate;polyoxyethyleneglycol palmitostearate; glyceryl mono palmitostearate;cetyl palmitate; polyethyleneglycol palmitostearate;dimethylpolysiloxane; mono- or di-glyceryl behenate; fatty alcoholsassociated with polyethoxylate fatty alcohols; cetyl alcohol; octyldodecanol; myristyl alcohol; isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate,stearic acid, or stearyl alcohol, inter alia, or combinations thereof.In one embodiment, the liquid comprises solid particles of fumarateester suspended in a lipid or lipophilic vehicle of vegetable oil, fattyacid, fatty acid ester, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, thelipid or lipophilic vehicle is a liquid at room temperature (e.g., 25°C.) or physiological temperature (e.g., 37° C.). In one embodiment, thelipid or lipophilic vehicle is soybean oil. In another embodiment, thelipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises medium chain monoglycerides anddiglycerides.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a solvent or solubilityenhancing agent. Exemplary solvents or solubility enhancing agentsuseful for the compositions described herein include Capmul® MCM,Cremophor® RH 40, Captex® 355, Croscarmellose, Crospovidone,Crospovidone CL, Crospovidone CL-F, Crospovidone CL-M, Imwitor® 742,Kollidon® CL, Kollidon® CL-F, Kollidon® CL-M, Labrafac™ Lipophile WL1349, Labrafil® M2125CS, Labrasol®, Lutrol® F 68, Maisine™ 35-1,mannitol, Miglyol® 812, Pearlitol® Flash, Peceol®, polyethylene glycol400, polyethylene glycol 600, polyethylene glycol 3350, Plurol® OleiqueCC 497, Povidone K 17, Povidone K 30, propylene glycol, or combinationsthereof. In one embodiment, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprisesmedium chain mono- and diglycerides (e.g., Capmul® MCM) and polyoxyl 40hydrogenated castor oil (e.g., macrogolglycerol hydroxystearate;Cremophor® RH 40).

In another embodiment, the composition comprises a one or morehydrophilic solvents or suspension agents. The composition can comprisespolyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycols of molecular weight rangingfrom about 200 to about 8000 (MN, number average molecular weight), orcombinations thereof. In one embodiment, the composition comprisespolyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (e.g., Povidone K30). In another embodiment,the composition comprises polyethylene glycol 400 and polypolyvinylpyrrolidone K30.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises a release regulatorsuch as a fatty acid salt, fatty acid ester, or fatty acidpolyoxyethylene derivative. The release regulator can also be asurfactant having a hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB) value betweenabout 2 and about 40. The HLB characteristic of surfactants can bedetermined in accordance with “Physical Pharmacy. Physical ChemicalPrinciples in the Pharmaceutical Sciences,” Fourth Edition, pp. 371-373,A. Martin, Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia (1993),which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises emulsifying orsolubilizing agents such as acacia, cholesterol, diethanolamine,glyceryl monostearate, lanolin alcohols, lecithin, mono- anddi-glycerides, monoethanolamines, oleic acids, oleyl alcohols,poloxamer, polyoxyethylene 50 stearate, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, polyoxyl40 hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyl 10 oleyl ether, polyoxyl 20cetostearyl ether, polyoxyl 40 stearate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40,polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol diacetate, propyleneglycol monostearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium stearate, sorbitanmonolaurate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitanmonostearate, stearic acid, trolamine, emulsifying wax, or combinationsthereof.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises a neutralizing agent.Without being bound to any theory, the neutralizing agent it thought tostabilize the fumarate ester in the fill by preventing hydrolysis orester formation with fatty acids. In one aspect, the neutralizing agentcomprises an organic acid, ester, or salt. In another aspect, theneutralizing agent comprises an organic acid. In another aspect, theneutralizing agent comprises one or more of lactate, fumarate,caprylate, caprate, oleate, maleate, succinate, tartrate, citrate,glutamate, gluconate, esters or salts thereof, or combinations thereof.In one aspect, the neutralizing agent is lactic acid.

In another embodiment, the composition includes a hydrophilic internalphase and a lipid or lipophilic external phase. The hydrophilic internalphase can comprise polypropylene glycol or polyethylene glycol ofmolecular weight ranging from about 200 to about 8000 (M_(N), numberaverage molecular weight). In another embodiment, the internal phasecomprises hydroalcoholic solutions of cellulose derivatives,polyacrylates, polyvinyl polymers, or combinations thereof. In oneembodiment, the internal phase comprises polymers such asmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polymethylmethacrylate,or polyvinylpyrrolidone.

In one embodiment, the internal phase of the composition state is“fluid” or “structured.” A “fluid” internal phase, as used herein, meansa completely flowable liquid whose globules can aggregate to make alarger globule. A “structured” internal phase, as used herein, means asolid, semisolid, or a gel whose shape is relatively stable and does notusually aggregate to form a large globule. In another embodiment, theexternal phase comprises a vegetable oil, hydrogenated vegetable oil,fatty acid, fatty acid ester, wax, or a combination thereof. In anotherembodiment, fumarate ester is dispersed in the internal phase as asolution or suspension.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises one or moreactive ingredients comprising one or more fumarate esters. In oneembodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a lipid orlipophilic vehicle that provides a solution, suspension, or combinationthereof of a fumarate ester. In one embodiment described herein, thefumarate ester is a mono- or di-alkyl fumarate of Formula I:

wherein R¹ and R², which may be the same or different, independentlyrepresent linear, branched, or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated C₁₋₂₀alkyl radical, which may be optionally substituted with halogen (Cl, F,I, Br), hydroxy, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, nitro, or cyano for preparing apharmaceutical composition as described herein.

The C₁₋₂₀ alkyl radicals, C₁₋₈ alkyl radicals, and C₄₋₅ alkyl radicalsare, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, 2-ethyl hexyl, hexyl,cyclohexyl, heptyl, cycloheptyl, octyl, vinyl, allyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2or 3-hydroxy propyl, 2-methoxy ethyl, methoxy methyl or 2- or 3-methoxypropyl. In one aspect, at least one of R¹ or R² is a C₁₋₅ alkyl,especially methyl or ethyl. In another aspect, R¹ and R² are the same ordifferent C₁₋₅ alkyl radicals such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, ort-butyl. In one aspect, R¹ and R² are the same or different C₁₋₅ alkylradicals such as methyl and ethyl. In one aspect, R¹ and R² areidentical and are methyl or ethyl. In one aspect, the fumarate ester ismonomethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate, methyl ethyl fumarate, ordiethyl fumarate. In one aspect, the fumarate ester is monomethylfumarate, dimethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof. In one aspect,the fumarate ester is monomethyl fumarate. In another aspect, thefumarate ester is dimethyl fumarate.

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is:

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is:

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester is:

wherein R comprises any C₁₋₂₀ alkyl, any C₁₋₂₀ acid, any C₁₋₂₀ ether,any C₁₋₂₀ ester, any C₁₋₂₀ amino, any C₁₋₂₀ amide, or any C₁₋₂₀heterocycle.

In another embodiment described herein, the fumarate ester is a prodrugof monomethyl fumarate. In one aspect, the monomethyl fumarate prodrugis dimethyl fumarate. Exemplary monomethyl fumarate prodrugs aredescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,669,281 and 9,090,558 and U.S. PatentApplication Publication Nos. US 2014/0275048; US 2014/0275205; US2014/0275250; US 2015/0190360; US 2014/057918; US 2014/348914; US2014/350018; US 2014/056973; US 2014/0348915; and US 2015/0252013, eachof which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings. In oneembodiment, the prodrug comprises one or more ofN,N-diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl[N-benzylcarbamoyl]methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl2-morpholin-4-yl-2-oxoethyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate;(N-butylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate;[N-(2-methoxyethyl)carbamoyl]methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate;methyl(N-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2yl)carbamoyl)methyl(2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate;(N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate;(N-methoxy-N-methylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate;bis-(2-methoxyethylamino)carbamoyl]methylmethyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; [N-(methoxycarbonyl)carbamoyl]methylmethyl(2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate; methyl 2-oxo-2-piperazinylethyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl 2-oxo-2-(2-oxo(1,3-oxazolidin-3yl)ethyl(2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate; {N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]carbamoyl}methylmethyl(2E)but-2ene-1,4-dioate; ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl (methylethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; (cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl (2-methylpropanoyloxy)ethyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl phenylcarbonyloxyethyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; cyclohexylcarbonyloxybutyl methyl(2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; [(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]ethylmethyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate; methyl2-methyl-1-phenylcarbonyloxypropyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate;(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)ethyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate;3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(3S)-3-aminopropanoicacid;3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(2S)-2-aminopropanoicacid;3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(3S)-3-(2-aminoacetylamino)propanoicacid;3-({[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2-enoyloxy]methyl}oxycarbonyl)(2S)-2-aminopropanoicacid;3-{[(2E)-3-(methoxycarbonyl)prop-2enoyloxy]ethoxycarbonyloxy}(2S)-2-aminopropanoicacid; methyl (2-morpholinoethyl)fumarate; methyl(3-morpholinopropyl)fumarate; methyl (4-morpholinobutyl)fumarate; methyl(5-morpholinopentyl)fumarate; methyl (6-morpholinohexyl)fumarate;(E)-2,2′-((2-((4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl)oxy)ethyl)azanediyl)diaceticacid; methyl (2-(methyl(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)amino)ethyl)fumarate;2-(dimethylamino)propyl methyl fumarate;(E)-2-((4-methoxy-4-oxobut-2-enoyl)oxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium;2-(4,4-difluoropiperidin-1-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate;1-(dimethylamino)propan-2-yl methyl fumarate; methyl(2-thiomorpholinoethyl)fumarate; methyl (2-(phenylamino)ethyl)fumarate;2-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl methyl fumarate; methyl(2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)fumarate; 2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)ethylmethyl fumarate; 2-(benzyl(methyl)amino)ethyl methyl fumarate;2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate; methyl(2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethyl)fumarate; methyl (2-morpholinoethyl)fumarate;2-(1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate; methyl(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)fumarate; 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methylfumarate; 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methyl fumarate; or2-(diethylamino)-2-oxoethyl methyl fumarate, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof. In one embodiment, the prodrug is(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)methyl methyl (2E)but-2-ene-1,4-dioate, or a saltthereof. In another embodiment, the prodrug is2-(2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl methyl fumarate, or a salt thereof.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described hereincomprise pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the fumarate ester activepharmaceutical ingredient. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts”of an active ingredient includes alkali metal salts such as, sodium orpotassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as, for example,calcium and magnesium salts, and salts with organic or inorganic acidsuch as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid,sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, formic acid, maleic acid,succinic acid, tartaric acid, methanesulphonic acid, toluenesulphonicacid, inter alia. In another embodiment, the active ingredient may alsobe in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable uncharged or chargedmolecules, molecular complexes, solvates, or anhydrates thereof, and, ifrelevant, single isomers, enantiomers, racemic mixtures, or mixturesthereof. In another embodiment, the active pharmaceutical ingredient maybe in any of its crystalline, polymorphous, semi-crystalline, amorphous,or polyamorphous forms, or mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the active ingredient comprises a fumarate ester,combined with aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxene, diclofenac, ketoprofen,celecoxib, other non-steroidal anti-inflamatory active drugs (NSAIDs),or combinations thereof.

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester-to-vehicle ratio range (e.g., theratio of the fumarate ester weight percent to the weight percent of theother components of the fill or vehicle) comprises from about 1:10 toabout 1:1 by mass, including all ratios within the specified range. Inone aspect, the fumarate ester-to-vehicle ratio comprises about 1:9 toabout 1:1 by mass, including all ratios within the specified range. Inanother aspect, the fumarate ester-to-vehicle ratio range comprises fromabout 1:5 to about 1:1 by mass, including all ratios within thespecified range. In another aspect, the fumarate ester-to-vehicle ratiorange comprises from about 1:2 to about 1:1 by mass, including allratios within the specified range. In one aspect, the fumarateester-to-vehicle ratio comprises about 1:2.

In one embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises about 5% to about 75% bymass of the composition, including all integers within the specifiedrange. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises about 10% toabout 50% by mass of the composition, including all integers within thespecified range. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester comprisesabout 25% to about 50% by mass of the composition, including allintegers within the specified range.

In another embodiment, the fumarate ester comprises about 70%; about60%; about 50%; about 40%; about 35%; about 30%; about 25%; about 20%;about 15%; about 10%; about 5%; about 2%; or about 1% by mass of thecomposition. In one aspect, the fumarate ester comprises about 34% bymass of the composition.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about 25% toabout 50% by mass of one or more fumarate esters comprising dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof, and about 50%to about 75% by mass of a lipid or lipophilic vehicle. In one aspect,the composition comprises about 34% by mass of one or more fumarateesters. In another aspect, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprisesabout 66% by mass of the composition.

In one aspect, the lipid or lipophilic vehicle comprises a mixture ofmono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyoxyl 40hydrogenated castor oil. In another aspect, the lipid or lipophilicvehicle comprises a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides,polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lacticacid.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about25% to about 50% by mass of one or more fumarate esters, about 40% toabout 54% mass of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides, about 1% toabout 10% by mass of polyvinylpyrrolidone, and about 2% to about 10% bymass of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil. In one aspect, thecomposition further comprises and about 1% to about 5% by mass of lacticacid. In one aspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate,monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about20% to about 50% by mass of one or more fumarate esters, about 18% toabout 70% by mass of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides, about 1% toabout 10% by mass polyvinylpyrrolidone, and about 2% to about 12% bymass polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil. In one aspect, the compositionfurther comprises about 1% to about 5% of lactic acid. In one aspect,the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, ora combination thereof.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises about34% by mass of one or more fumarate esters, about 48% by mass of amixture of mono- and di-glycerides, about 3% by masspolyvinylpyrrolidone, and about 10% by mass polyoxyl 40 hydrogenatedcastor oil.

In one aspect, the composition further comprises about 5% by mass oflactic acid. In one aspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the solid fumarate ester particles are milled ormicronized. In one aspect, the fumarate ester comprises a particle sizerange of about 10 m to about 200 m, including all integers and fractionswithin the specified range.

In another embodiment, the solid fumarate ester particles have aparticle size distribution with d90 of less than or equal to about 200μm. In one aspect, the solid particles of fumarate ester have a particlesize distribution with d90 less than or equal to about 100 m (d90≤100km).

In another embodiment, after solubilization or suspension in the liquidcompositions described herein the solid fumarate ester particles have amean particle size distribution comprising a range of particle sizeswith d10≤10 km. In another embodiment, the solid fumarate esterparticles have a mean particle size distribution comprising a range ofparticle sizes with d50≤30 μm. In another embodiment, the solid fumarateester particles have a mean particle size distribution comprising arange of particle sizes with d90≤75 μm. In one aspect, aftersolubilization or suspension in the liquid compositions described hereinthe fumarate ester particles have particle size distributions withd10≤10 μm, d50≤30, and d90 of ≤75 μm. In another aspect, aftersolubilization or suspension in the liquid compositions described hereinthe fumarate ester particles have particle size distributions with d10of ≤10 km, d50≤25, and d90 of ≤60 μm.

The forgoing sizes of fumarate ester particles may be determined usingstandard techniques known to one of ordinary skill in the art. Theexemplary techniques that can be used for measuring the size of fumarateester particles may include laser diffraction analysis, light scattering(e.g., dynamic light scattering), microscopic particle image analysis,elutriation, or aerosol mass spectrometry. The sample of fumarate esterparticles may be measured as a dry sample or a wet sample. Anycommercially available instrument for measuring particle sizes may beused, including instruments from Cilas; Brookhaven InstrumentsCorporation; Malvern Instruments; Horiba Scientific; or Wyatt, followingthe manufacturer's recommended operating procedures.

The measured particle sizes using the techniques described herein may beexpressed as a derived diameter with a normal distribution or non-normaldistribution with a mean, median (e.g., mass median diameter), and modeof particle diameter sizes. The particle size distribution may beexpressed as a diameter number distribution, a surface areadistribution, or a particle volume distribution. The mean of theparticle size distribution may be calculated and expressed in variousways, such as the volume mean diameter (D[4,3] or d₄₃), mean surfacearea diameter (D[3,2] or d₃₂) or the mean number particle diameter(D[1,0] or d₁₀). Because the particle size distribution values varydepending on the measurement methodology and how the distribution isexpressed, the comparison of different mean particle size distributionsmust be calculated by the same methodology in order to yield an accuratecomparison. For example, a sample with a measured and calculated volumemean diameter must be compared with a second sample having a measuredand calculated volume mean diameter, ideally measured using the samemeasuring instrument under the same conditions. Thus, the specificparticle size distributions described herein are not intended to belimited to any one type of method for measuring or calculating aparticle size distribution (e.g., a diameter number distribution, asurface area distribution, or a particle volume distribution), butrather indicate particle size values and distributions thereof for eachmethod of measuring particle sizes described herein.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for manufacturing apharmaceutical composition comprising fumarate ester(s) where thefumarate ester does not sublime during processing, manufacturing, afterproduction, or during storage. Soft capsules comprising fumarate esterin the compositions described herein are stable for months or years.Without being bound to any theory, it is believed that suspending solidfumarate ester particles in a lipid or lipophilic vehicle prevents orretards sublimation and stabilizes the fumarate ester. In one aspect,the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are stable at 25° C.and 60% relative humidity (RH) for about 1 month, about 2 months, about3 months, about 4 months, about 5 months, about 6 months, about 9months, about 10 months, about 11 months, about 12 months, about 18months, about 24 months, or even longer. In another aspect, thepharmaceutical compositions described herein are stable for at least 1year, or longer at 25° C. and 60% RH. In another aspect, thepharmaceutical compositions are stable for at least 2 years, or longerat 25° C. and 60% RH.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for preparing apharmaceutical composition comprising a fumarate ester. The methodcomprises applying heat to the components during mixing or prior tomixing at about the melting point of the composition; and then mixingthe fumarate ester with the ingredients using mechanical or ultrasonicforces to form the matrix fill. The composition is flowable such that itcan be encapsulated using a rotary die encapsulation machine. In oneembodiment, the composition is heated to a temperature in the range offrom about 25° C. to about 70° C. In another embodiment, the compositionis heated to a temperature in the range of from about 25° C. to about30° C.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises a lipid or lipophilicvehicle, solid particles of one or more fumarate esters, neutralizingagent, and optional pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In oneaspect, the composition comprises a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides,polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, lactic acid,and solid particles of one or more fumarate esters. In one aspect, thesolid particles of one or more fumarate esters are soluble in thecomposition. In another aspect, the solid particles of one or morefumarate esters are partially soluble in the composition. Without beingbound by any theory, it is believed that the solid particles of fumarateester dissolve or partially dissolve until the solution becomessaturated and the remaining particle exists as a suspension.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises that shown in Table 1including all possible iterations of the specified ranges that provide100% total mass percentage.

TABLE 1 Exemplary Composition Mass per Component capsule (mg) MassPercent (%) Fumarate Ester 75-220  20-50 Vehicle 300-500    50-80 TOTAL500-700 mg 100%

In one embodiment, the composition comprises about 34% by mass offumarate ester (d90≤100 μm); about 50% by mass of a mixture of mono- anddi-glycerides; about 3% by mass of polyvinylpyrrolidone; about 10% bymass of polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and about 5% by mass oflactic acid.

In one embodiment, the composition comprises one of those shown in Table2 including all possible iterations of the specified ranges that provide100% total mass percentage.

TABLE 2 Exemplary Composition Mass per Component capsule (mg) MassPercent (%) Fumarate ester (d90 ≤ 100 μm) 80-200 30-35 Mono- anddi-glycerides 125-315  20-50 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone 5-32 0.75-5  Polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated 12.5-75    2-12 castor oil Lactic acid 0-32 0-5TOTAL 625 mg 100%

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a capsuledosage form. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprisesa soft capsule encapsulating a matrix fill comprising a liquid lipid orlipophilic fill comprising one or more fumarate esters.

In one embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell has theexemplary composition shown in Table 4.

TABLE 3 Exemplary Soft Capsule Shell Composition Component Mass Percent(%) Film forming polymer (e.g., gelatin) 20-50 Plasticizer (e.g.,glycerol, sorbitol, 15-30 combinations thereof) Solvent (e.g., water)q.s. (e.g., 20-40%) TOTAL 100% Final pH ~4-7  Ratio total plasticizer togelatin 20:43 (0.46:1) Water content in dried soft capsule shell:  8-15%

In one embodiment, the soft capsule comprises about 42% of gelatin;about 24% of at least one plasticizer; and about 34% water.

In another embodiment, the soft capsule shell has the exemplarycomposition shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Exemplary Soft Gel Capsule Shell Composition Component MassPercent (%) Gelatin, 195 Bloom, Lime Bone 42 Sorbitol (e.g., Polysorb ®85/70/00; Roquette) 24 Water 34 TOTAL 100%

Another embodiment described herein includes a process of manufacturingsoft capsules comprising any of the pharmaceutical composition asdescribed herein. The process includes preparing a gel mass compositioncomprising a film-forming, water-soluble polymer, an appropriateplasticizer, and solvent; casting the gel mass into films or ribbonsusing heat-controlled drums or surfaces; and manufacturing a softcapsule comprising a matrix fill using rotary die technology. Thethickness of the films or ribbons that form the soft capsule shell isfrom about 0.010 inches (≈0.254 mm) to about 0.050 inches (≈1.27 mm),including all integers within the specified range. The shell thicknesscan be about 0.010 inch (≈0.254 mm), about 0.015 inch (≈0.381 mm), about0.02 in (≈0.508 mm), about 0.03 in (≈0.762 mm), about 0.04 in (≈1.02mm), or about 0.05 in (≈1.27 mm). In one embodiment, the thickness isabout 0.02 inches (≈0.508 mm) to about 0.040 inches (≈1.02 mm). In oneembodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.028 inches (≈0.711 mm). Inanother embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.033 inches (≈0.838mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.038 inches(≈0.965 mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about 0.035inches (≈0.889 mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness is about0.038 inches (≈0.965 mm). In another embodiment, the shell thickness isabout 0.040 inches (≈1.02 mm).

In one embodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell describedherein, encapsulates a matrix fill as described herein. In anotherembodiment described herein, the soft capsule shell and encapsulatedmatrix fill comprises an outer dimension from about 2 oval to about 30oval including all iterations of capsule size within the specified range(e.g., 2 oval, 3 oval, 4 oval, 5 oval, 6 oval, 7 oval, 8 oval, 10 oval,12 oval, 16 oval, 20, or 30 oval). In another embodiment describedherein, the soft capsule shell and encapsulated matrix fill comprises anouter dimension from about 2 round to about 28 round including alliterations of capsule size within the specified range (e.g., 2 round, 3round, 4 round, 5 round, 6 round, 7 round, 8 round, 10 round, 12 round,16 round, 20 round or 28 round). In another embodiment described herein,the soft capsule shell and encapsulated matrix fill comprises an outerdimension from about 2 oblong to about 22 oblong including alliterations of capsule size within the specified range (e.g., 2 oblong, 3oblong, 4 oblong, 5 oblong, 6 oblong, 7 oblong, 8 oblong, 10 oblong, 11,oblong, 12 oblong, 14 oblong, 16 oblong, 20 oblong, or 22 oblong).Dimension specifications of soft capsules and tablets are known to thoseskilled in the art. See Remington's Essentials of Pharmaceutics,Pharmaceutical Press Publishing Company, London, UK, 1^(st) Edition,2013, which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.

In one embodiment described herein, soft capsules are coated with anenteric coating comprising the exemplary composition shown in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Exemplary Enteric Coating Composition Component ExemplaryComponent Mass Percent (%) Enteric Methacrylic acid copolymers, 5-90Polymer(s) polyvinyl acetate phthalates, polyvinyl phthalate, celluloseacetate phthalates, cellulose acetate trimellitate, cellulose acetatesuccinate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxymethyl cellulosePlasticizer(s) Triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, 0-25 polyethyleneglycols, propylene glycol, triacetin, dibutyl phthalate, tripropionin,ethyl acid phtalate, butyl acid phthalate, ethyl acid adipate, fats andwaxes mixed with esters, glycerin Neutralizing Ammonia, NaOH, sodium0-5  agent bicarbonate Solubilizers Sodium lauryl sulfate, sodiumlauroyl sarcosinate sodium dodecyl sulfate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate80, other detergents and surfactants Solvent(s) Water, ethanol,isopropanol, 50-80  acetone Excipients Emulsifiers, pore-forming agents,0-20 anti-adherents, surfactants, pigments, colorants, antifoam,antioxidants, waxes, magnesium stearate, micronized amorphous silica,kaolin, talc, TOTAL 100%

Enteric polymers useful for enteric coatings include pH-dependentpolymers that are less soluble in an aqueous media with acidic pH andmore soluble in an aqueous media with basic pH. In one embodiment, theenteric of pH dependent material dissolves or rapidly disperses at a pHlevel above pH 5.0, above pH 5.5, or above pH 6.0.

Exemplary enteric polymers useful for coats include cellulose acetatephthalate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate,cellulose acetate trimellitate, carboxymethylcellulose, methacrylic acidcopolymers such as, Eudragit L (polymethacrylic acid,methylmethacrylate, 1:1 ratio), or Eudragit S (polymethacrylic acid,methylmethacrylate, 1:2 ratio), shellac, zein, or combinations thereof.

Suitable plasticizers include acetyl triethyl citrate, dibutylphthalate, tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate,propylene glycol, triacetin, polyethylene glycol, diethyl phthalate, orcombinations thereof.

Suitable solubilizers include sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laurylsarcosinate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80,octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol, or combinations thereof.

Anti-adherent agents serve to prevent potential agglomeration in acidmedia. Suitable anti-adherents include talc, magnesium stearate, calciumstearate, stearic acid, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethyleneglycols, fumed silica, silicon dioxide, or combinations thereof.

Pore-forming agents serve to create pores or channels in the entericcoating after administration to a human. Suitable pore-forming agentsinclude sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sucrose, sorbitol,mannitol, polyethylene glycols (PEG), propylene glycol, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohols,methacrylic acid copolymers, poloxamers, or combinations thereof.

Many conventional coating excipients are described in the art. See e.g.,Rowe et al., Eds. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 7^(th) ed.Royal Pharmaceutical Society, UK (2012).

In one embodiment described herein, the enteric coating comprisesmethacrylic acid and ethyl acrylate copolymer (e.g., EUDRAGIT® L100-55,Evonik), talc, triethyl citrate, sodium bicarbonate, colloidal silica,sodium lauryl sulfate, and water.

In one embodiment, adjusting the amount of enteric coating and the ratioof polymer to other components allows for tuning the release profile ofthe dosage form.

Subcoats can be applied to the soft capsules prior to coating to preventshell-coat interactions and improve coating adhesion to the capsule.Exemplary subcoatings can comprise polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylalcohols, hydroxpropyl methylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, oils, orcombinations thereof.

Coatings, top coatings, or subcoatings are applied to the soft capsulesusing various methods know in the art. The coatings are typicallyprepared as suspensions and sprayed on capsules in perforated coatingpans through one or more spray nozzles at a specific temperature.Coating solutions or dispersion may be applied at spray rates between100 and 400 g/min. The spray rate may be proportionately higher forcoatings with higher solids content and lower for more dilutedispersions. In one embodiment, capsules are coated using a pan coater.After the enteric coating suspension is applied, the coated capsules aredried in the pan coater for a period of time at a specific temperature.

Another embodiment described herein comprises a subcoating that isapplied prior to applying an enteric coating. In one embodiment, thesubcoating comprises hydroxpropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose,ethylcellulose, or a combination thereof. In one aspect, the subcoatingcomprises hydroxpropyl methylcellulose.

Another embodiment described herein comprises a moisture barrier that isapplied as a top coating on the enteric coating. In one embodiment, themoisture barrier comprises one or more polyvinyl alcohols andappropriate pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In anotherembodiment, the moisture barrier comprises polyvinyl alcohol, sodiumlauryl sulfate, glyceryl mono-caprylate-caprate, and talc. In oneaspect, the moisture barrier aids in preserving the cosmetic appearanceof the dosage forms by preventing dimpling, sticking, or otherprocessing- or storage-induced blemishes.

Another embodiment described herein, is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising a matrix fill formulation comprising any of the formulationsshown in the Tables or Examples described herein. Any of the componentsin the formulations described herein, shown in the Tables, orillustrated in the Examples can be increased, decreased, combined,substituted, or omitted to provide for a formulation comprising about100% by mass. Such compositions are hereby disclosed as if they wereexpressly disclosed herein.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described hereinprovide a dosage form of one or more fumarate esters, or prodrugsthereof, for administration to a subject. In one embodiment, the subjectis suffering from or has the symptoms of multiple sclerosis or aneurological disease or disorder. The dosage form can be administered,for example, to a subject, or a subject in need thereof. In one aspect,the subject is a mammal, or a mammal in need thereof.

In one aspect, the subject is a human, or human in need thereof. In oneaspect, the subject is a human. In one aspect, the subject is a child(˜0-9 years old) or an adolescent (˜10-17 years old). In one aspect, thesubject is from about 0 to about 9 years of age. In another aspect, thesubject is from about 10 years to about 17 years of age. In anotheraspect, the subject is over 17 years of age. In another aspect, thesubject is an adult (≥18 years of age).

One or more dosage forms can be administered, for example, 1×, 2×, 3×,4×, 5×, 6×, or even more times per day. One or more dosage forms can beadministered, for example, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days, or even longer.One or more dosage forms can be administered, for example, for 1, 2, 3,4 weeks, or even longer. One or more dosage forms can be administered,for example, for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 months, 1 year,2, years, 3 years, 4 years, 5 years, over 5 years, a decade, multipledecades, or even longer. One or more dosage forms can be administered ata regular interval until the subject or subject in need thereof, doesnot require treatment, prophylaxis, or amelioration of any disease orcondition including but not limited to, general autoimmune orneurodegenerative disorders.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating a subjectsuffering from or having the symptoms of a general autoimmune orneurodegenerative disorder, including multiple sclerosis, by orallyadministering one or more fumarate esters to the subject. The one ormore fumarate esters may be administered in one or more doses, one ormore timese per day for a total daily dosage.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition described herein isadministered in multiple doses simultaneously. For example, two or moreidentical doses are administered at one time. In another embodiment, twoor more different doses are administered at one time. Such dual ordifferent simultaneous doses can be used to provide an effective amountof the pharmaceutical composition to a subject in need thereof.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described hereinmay be used to treat, prevent, retard the progression of, delay theonset, ameliorate, reduce the symptoms of, or prophylaxis of generalautoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders. Neurodegenerative disorders,as used herein, include multiple sclerosis (MS), which includesrelapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), secondary progressivemultiple sclerosis (SPMS), primary progressive multiple sclerosis(PPMS), progressive relapsing multiple sclerosis (PPvMS), amyotrophiclateral sclerosis (ALS), psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, Alzheimer'sdisease, Parkinson's disease, or any combination thereof.

In one embodiment described herein, other conditions, disorders, ordiseases are controlled by administration of fumarate esters. Theadministration of pharmaceutical compositions comprising fumarateesters, as described herein, may be used for treating, preventing,retarding the progression of, delaying the onset, ameliorating, reducingthe symptoms of, or prophylaxis of general autoimmune orneurodegenerative disorders, including but not limited to, acutedermatitis, adrenal leukodystrophy, AGE-induced genome damage,Alexander's disease, alopecia areata (totalis and universalis), Alper'sdisease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anginapectoris, arthritis, asthma, autoimmune diseases, balo concentricsclerosis, Behcet's syndrome, bullous pemphigoid, Canavan disease,cardiac insufficiency including left ventricular insufficiency, centralnervous system vasculitis, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, childhood ataxiawith central nervous system hypomyelination, chronic active (lupoid)hepatitis, chronic dermatitis, chronic idiopathic peripheral neuropathy,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, contact dermatitis, Crohn'sdisease and cutaneous Crohn's disease, cutaneous lupus, cutaneoussarcoidosis, diabetic retinopathy, fibromyalgia, graft versus hostdisease, granuloma annulare, granulomas including annulare, Grave'sdisease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, hepatitis C viral infection, herpessimplex viral infection, human immunodeficiency viral infection,Huntington's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable boweldisorder, ischemia, juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, Krabbe disease,lichen planus, macular degeneration, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy,monomelic amyotrophy, multiple sclerosis (MS), myocardial infarction,necrobiosis lipoidica, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation,neurodermatitis, neuromyelitis optica, neuropathic pain,neurosarcoidosis, NF-κB mediated diseases, optic neuritis, organtransplantation rejection, paraneoplastic syndromes, Parkinson'sdisease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, pemphigus, pernicious anemia,primary lateral sclerosis, progressive supranuclear palsy, psoriasis,psoriatic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, radiation-induced dermatitis,radicular pain, radiculopathic pain, reperfusion injury, retinopathicpigmentosa, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), sarcoidosis, sarcoidosis,Schilder's disease, sciatic pain, sciatica, Sjögren's syndrome, subacutenecrotizing myelopathy, such as polyarthritis, Susac's syndrome,systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), tumors, transverse myelitis,ulcerative colitis, or Zellweger syndrome.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions described herein areindicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiplesclerosis. Another embodiment described herein is a method for treatinga patient with a relapsing form of multiple sclerosis comprising theadministration of one or more doses of a fumarate ester as describedherein. In one aspect, the fumarate ester is dimethyl fumarate,monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or combinationsthereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising an oral delayed-release capsule of dimethyl fumarate that isindicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiplesclerosis. Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an oral delayed-release capsule of monomethylfumarate that is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsingforms of multiple sclerosis. Another embodiment described herein is apharmaceutical composition comprising an oral delayed-release capsule ofdimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof that isindicated for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiplesclerosis. Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising an oral delayed-release capsule of a pro-drug ofmonomethyl fumarate that is indicated for the treatment of patients withrelapsing forms of multiple sclerosis.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a dose ofabout 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 85 mg, about90 mg, about 95 mg, about 100 mg, about 105 mg, about 110 mg, about 115mg, about 120 mg, about 125 mg, about 130 mg, about 135 mg, about 140mg, about 145 mg, about 150 mg, about 155 mg, about 160 mg, about 165mg, about 170 mg, about 175 mg, about 180 mg, about 185 mg, about 190mg, about 195 mg, about 200 mg, about 205 mg, about 210 mg, about 215mg, about 220 mg, about 225 mg, or about 230 mg of one or more fumarateesters. In one aspect, the fumarate ester is dimethyl fumarate,monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combinationthereof.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises a dose of about 60 mgto about 80 mg, about 65 mg to about 85 mg, about 70 mg to about 90 mg,about 75 mg to about 95 mg, about 80 mg to about 100 mg, about 85 mg toabout 105 mg, about 90 mg to about 110 mg, about 95 mg to about 115 mg,about 100 mg to about 120 mg, about 105 mg to about 125 mg, about 110 mgto about 130 mg, about 115 mg to about 135 mg, about 120 mg to about 140mg, about 125 mg to about 145 mg, about 130 mg to about 150 mg, about135 mg to about 155 mg, about 140 mg to about 160 mg, about 145 mg toabout 165 mg, about 150 mg to about 170 mg, about 155 mg to about 175mg, about 160 mg to about 180 mg, about 165 mg to about 185 mg, about170 mg to about 190 mg, about 175 mg to about 195 mg, about 180 mg toabout 200 mg, about 185 mg to about 205 mg, about 190 mg to about 210mg, about 195 mg to about 215 mg, about 200 mg to about 220 mg, about205 mg to about 225 mg, about 210 mg to about 230 mg, about 215 mg toabout 235 mg, about 220 mg to about 240 mg, about 225 mg to about 245mg, about 230 mg to about 250 mg, or about 230 mg to about 250 mg of oneor more fumarate esters.

In one embodiment, the foregoing compositions can be administered asdosage forms in various regimens, including one dose per day (QD), twodoses per day (BID), three doses per day (TID), or four times per day(QID) to achieve a total daily dosage. In another embodiment, any of theforegoing doses comprise a total daily dosage. In another embodiment,any of the foregoing doses may be administered simultaneously, such astwo 75 mg, 85 mg, 95 mg, or two 100 mg fumarate ester dosage forms, toprovide 150 mg, 160 mg, 190 mg, or 200 mg fumarate ester for aparticular dosing period, typically a 24 hour period, or 1 day.

Without being bound by any theory, it is thought that simultaneouslyadministering two or more dosage forms, such as two 75 mg, 80 mg, 85 mg,90 mg, 95 mg or 100 mg fumarate ester dosage forms (e.g., total fillweight of about 250 to about 300 mg in a No. 5 oval capsule) providesmore rapid gastric emptying and transit to the duodenum as compared to asingle larger dosage form, such as a single 200 mg fumarate ester dosageform (e.g., total fill weight of about 500 mg to about 600 mg in a No.12 oval capsule). This regimen may provide a more rapid T_(max) and alsoreduce C_(max) because of the lower fumarate ester dose. This regimenmay also reduce gastrointestinal side effects.

In another embodiment, one or more dosage forms are administeredsimultaneously or successively over a finite period (such as 1 hour) toprovide a dose comprising about 60 mg to about 120 mg, about 65 mg toabout 130 mg, about 70 mg to about 140 mg, about 75 mg to about 150 mg,about 80 mg to about 160 mg, about 85 mg to about 170 mg, about 90 mg toabout 180 mg, about 95 mg to about 190 mg, about 100 mg to about 200 mg,about 105 mg to about 210 mg, about 110 mg to about 220 mg, about 115 mgto about 230 mg, about 120 mg to about 240 mg, about 125 mg to about 250mg, about 130 mg to about 260 mg, about 135 mg to about 270 mg, about140 mg to about 280 mg, about 145 mg to about 290 mg, about 150 mg toabout 300 mg, about 155 mg to about 310 mg, about 160 mg to about 320mg, about 165 mg to about 330 mg, about 170 mg to about 340 mg, about175 mg to about 350 mg, about 180 mg to about 360 mg, about 185 mg toabout 370 mg, about 190 mg to about 380 mg, about 195 mg to about 390mg, about 200 mg to about 400 mg, about 205 mg to about 410 mg, about210 mg to about 420 mg, about 215 mg to about 430 mg, about 220 mg toabout 440 mg, about 225 mg to about 450 mg, about 230 mg to about 460mg, or about 230 mg to about 460 mg of one or more fumarate esters.

In another embodiment, one or more dosage forms are administeredsimultaneously or successively in a finite period to provide a dosecomprising about 60 mg to about 180 mg, about 65 mg to about 195 mg,about 70 mg to about 210 mg, about 75 mg to about 225 mg, about 80 mg toabout 240 mg, about 85 mg to about 255 mg, about 90 mg to about 270 mg,about 95 mg to about 285 mg, about 100 mg to about 300 mg, about 105 mgto about 315 mg, about 110 mg to about 330 mg, about 115 mg to about 345mg, or about 120 mg to about 360 mg of one or more fumarate esters.

In another embodiment, one or more dosage forms are administeredsimultaneously or successively in a finite period multiple time per dayto achieve a daily dosage. In one embodiment, the total daily dosage isabout 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg,about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg,about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg,about 270 mg, about 280 mg, about 290 mg, about 300 mg, about 310 mg,about 320 mg, about 330 mg, about 340 mg, about 350 mg, about 360 mg,about 370 mg, about 380 mg, about 390 mg, about 400 mg, about 410 mg,about 420 mg, about 430 mg, about 440 mg, about 450 mg, or about 460 mgof one or more fumarate esters.

In another embodiment, the daily dosage is about 60 mg to about 240 mg,about 65 mg to about 260 mg, about 70 mg to about 280 mg, about 75 mg toabout 300 mg, about 80 mg to about 320 mg, about 85 mg to about 340 mg,about 90 mg to about 360 mg, about 95 mg to about 380 mg, about 100 mgto about 400 mg, about 105 mg to about 420 mg, about 110 mg to about 440mg, about 115 mg to about 460 mg, or about 120 mg to about 480 mg of oneor more fumarate esters.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating a subjecthaving relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis with one or more dosageforms having a specific dose of fumarate ester. In one aspect, thesubject is orally administered one or more pharmaceutical dosage formsas described herein comprising a dose of about 60 mg to about 90 mg of afumarate ester comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, aprodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof twice per dayfor about seven days. In one aspect, the subject is orally administeredone or more pharmaceutical dosage forms as described herein comprising adose of about 70 mg to about 95 mg of a fumarate ester comprisingdimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethylfumarate, or a combination thereof twice per day for about seven days.In one aspect, the subject is orally administered one or morepharmaceutical dosage forms as described herein comprising a dose ofabout 80 mg to about 100 mg of a fumarate ester comprising dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof twice per day for about seven days.

Another embodiment described herein is a method of treating a subjecthaving relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis with one or more dosageforms having a specific dose of fumarate ester to achieve a total dailydose. In another aspect, the subject is orally administered one or morepharmaceutical dosage forms as described herein comprising a total doseof about 120 to about 180 mg of a fumarate ester comprising dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof twice per day. In another aspect, the subject isorally administered one or more pharmaceutical dosage forms as describedherein comprising a total dose of about 140 to about 190 mg of afumarate ester comprising dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, aprodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof twice per day.

In another aspect, the subject is orally administered one or morepharmaceutical dosage forms as described herein comprising a total doseof about 160 to about 200 mg of a fumarate ester comprising dimethylfumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof twice per day. In another aspect, the subject isorally administered two pharmaceutical dosage forms as described hereineach comprising a dose of about 80 mg to about 100 mg, comprising atotal dosage of about 160 to 200 mg, of a fumarate ester comprisingdimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethylfumarate, or a combination thereof twice per day.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage formcomprising a pharmaceutical composition as described herein foradministration to a subject having multiple sclerosis, comprising atherapeutically effective amount of one or more fumarate esters, whereinthe administration is sufficient to achieve a reduction of about 0.224annualized relapse rate relative to baseline in the subject. In oneaspect, the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate, monomethylfumarate, a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof. Inanother aspect, the pharmaceutical composition treats multiple sclerosiswithout substantially inducing one or more of flushing, abdominal pain,diarrhea, and nausea in the subject. In another aspect, theadministration does not require titration of the pharmaceuticalcomposition. In another aspect, the dosage form is stable at 25° C. and60% relative humidity for at least 1 year or 2 years.

In one embodiment described herein, without being bound to any theory,it is surprising and unexpected that the pharmaceutical compositionsdescribed herein comprising liquid dosage forms of fumarate esterprovide effective treatment of multiple sclerosis at total daily dosagesof about 380 mg fumarate ester to about 400 mg fumarate ester whencompared to a total daily dosage of 480 mg dimethyl fumarateadministered as TECFIDERA®. In one embodiment, the fumarate ester isdimethyl fumarate. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester ismonomethyl fumarate. In another embodiment, the fumarate ester is apro-drug of monomethyl fumarate. In another embodiment, the fumarateester is monomethyl fumarate. In another embodiment, the fumarate esteris dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, a prodrug of monomethylfumarate, or a combination thereof.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage form thathas improved bioavailability as compared to another pharmaceuticalproduct. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical dosage form comprising thepharmaceutical composition described herein has improved bioavailabilityas compared to 240 mg dimethyl fumarate administered as TECFIDERA®. Inone aspect, two pharmaceutical dosage forms, each comprising about 80 mgto about 100 mg of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof, administered to a subject has equivalentpharmacokinetics as one 240 mg dimethyl fumarate dosage form (e.g.,TECFIDERA®).

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical compositions and dosage formsdescribed herein can be administered without titration of thepharmaceutical composition. In one aspect, the pharmaceuticalcompositions and dosage forms can be administered without titration andwithout substantially inducing one or more side effects including, butnot limited to flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or nausea.

Prior to beginning treatment with the pharmaceutical compositions anddosage forms described herein, a complete blood cell count (CBC)including lymphocyte count, and serum aminotransferase, alkalinephosphatase, and total bilirubin levels should be obtained from thesubject in need of treatment.

Fumarate esters can cause flushing and gastrointestinal (GI) sideeffects in some subjects. While the side effects generally subside afterregular treatment, in one aspect the starting dose is about 80 mg toabout 100 mg fumarate ester BID orally for the first 7 days. The dose isincreased to the effective dose of about 160 mg to about 200 mg fumarateester BID (e.g., about 320 mg to about 400 mg fumarate ester per day)afterwards. For those subjects who experience GI or flushing sideeffects, taking the fumarate ester with food can improve tolerability.In one aspect described herein, fumarate ester is administered after ameal. In another aspect described herein, fumarate ester is administeredafter a high-fat meal to reduce or ameliorate the one or more symptomsof flushing, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nausea in the subject. Inanother aspect, about 325 mg of non-enterically coated aspirin or about200 mg to 400 mg of other NSAID, including acetominophen, ibuprofen,naproxen, diclofenac, salts thereof, or combinations thereof areadministered about 0.5 h prior to administration of the fumarate estercomposition or dosage form as described herein.

In one aspect, the administration of about 325 mg of non-enteric coatedaspirin 30 minutes prior to fumarate ester dosing can reduce theoccurrence and severity of flushing. In another aspect, subjects whoexperience flushing with gastrointestinal side effects may reduce thedose to about 80 mg to about 100 mg fumarate ester BID temporarily,including all integers and fractions within the specified range. Withina month, the effective dose of about 160 mg to about 200 mg fumarateester BID should be resumed, including all integers within the specifiedrange.

In another embodiment, a subject administered a fumarate esterpharmaceutical composition described herein may be administered one ormore leukotriene receptor antagonists. In one embodiment, a subjectadministered a fumarate ester pharmaceutical composition as describedherein may be administered 10 to 20 mg of montelukast (Singulair®) orzafirlukast (Accolate®) in conjuction with the fumarate ester.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage form thatprovides delayed release of one or more fumarate esters. In one aspect,the dosage form comprises a soft capsule encapsulating an immediatereleasing fill. In another aspect, the pharmaceutical dosage fromcomprises a fumarate ester, a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides,polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lacticacid encapsulated in an soft capsule shell that is coated with ahydroxypropylmethylcellulose coating, a methacrylic acid and ethylacrylate copolymer, and a polyvinyl alcohol coating. In another aspect,the pharmaceutical dosage form is stable at pH 1.2 for at least 2 hoursin an in vitro 2-stage dissolution experiment comprising a USP ApparatusII (e.g., stationary basket over paddle at 100 rpm in 900 mL of media,37° C.). In another aspect, the pharmaceutical dosage form beginsreleasing the fill after about 15 minutes at pH 6.8 in an in vitro2-stage dissolution experiment comprising a USP Apparatus 2 (e.g.,stationary basket over paddle at 100 rpm in 900 mL of media, 37° C.).See USP Reference Standard Method (711) Dissolution, which isincorporated by reference for such teachings. In one aspect, thepharmaceutical dosage form releases about 50% of the fill compositionafter about 52 minutes at pH 6.8. In one aspect, the pharmaceuticaldosage form releases about 50% of the fill composition after about 64minutes at pH 6.8. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical dosage formreleases about 48 mg of the fumarate ester after about 52 minutes at pH6.8. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical dosage form releases about 100 mgof fumarate ester after about 64 minutes at pH 6.8.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage formcomprising about 190 mg of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof in a single phase lipid or lipophilic liquidencapsulated in capsule, where upon administration the dosage fromprovides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) amean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1860 ng/mL; (b) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.82 hr; (c) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.

Another embodiment described herein is a pharmaceutical dosage formcomprising about 200 mg of dimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or acombination thereof in a single phase lipid or lipophilic liquidencapsulated in capsule, where upon administration the dosage fromprovides one or more of the following pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) amean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 2370 ng/mL; (b) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.8 hr; (c) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3440 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3470 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 0.86%; (f) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.

Another aspect is one or more pharmaceutical dosage forms, collectivelycomprising about 160 mg to about 190 mg of dimethyl fumarate, monomethylfumarate, or a combination thereof in a single-phase lipid or lipophilicliquid encapsulated in capsule, where upon administration the total doseis bioequivalent to 240 mg of dimethyl fumarate (TECFIDERA®). In oneaspect, the pharmaceutical dose comprises one capsule. In anotheraspect, the pharmaceutical dose comprises more than one capsule.

Pharmacokinetics of fumarate esters, particularly dimethyl fumarate, aredescribed by Sheikh et al., Clinical Therapeutics 35(10): 1582-1594(2013), which is incorporated by reference herein for such teachings.Dimethyl fumarate is not quantifiable in plasma following oraladministration. After ingestion, dimethyl fumarate is pre-systemicallyhydrolyzed by esterases and is converted to the active metabolite,monomethyl fumarate (MMF). All pharmacokinetic analyses related to DMFare performed using plasma MMF concentrations because DMF is convertedto MMF and DMF is not quantifiable in systemic circulation. Ifmonomethyl fumarate is orally administered, the MMF concentration can bedirectly measured in plasma.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating or reducingthe symptoms of a neurodegenerative disorder, including multiplesclerosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof one ormore of the dosage forms described herein comprising about 190 mg ofdimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof, whereupon administration the dosage from provides one or more of thefollowing pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethylfumarate C_(max) of about 1860 ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethylfumarate T_(max) of about 3.82 hr; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el)of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) ofabout 0.5 hr.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating or reducingthe symptoms of a neurodegenerative disorder, including multiplesclerosis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof one ormore of the dosage forms described herein comprising about 200 mg ofdimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof, whereupon administration the dosage from provides one or more of thefollowing pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethylfumarate C_(max) of about 2370 ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethylfumarate T_(max) of about 3.8 hr; (c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→τ) of about 3440 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(0→∞) of about 3470 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarateAUC_(% ex) of about 0.86%; (f) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el)of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) ofabout 0.5 hr.

Another aspect is a method for treating or reducing the symptoms of aneurodegenerative disorder, including multiple sclerosis, comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof one or more of the dosageforms described herein comprising about 160 mg to about 190 mg ofdimethyl fumarate, monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof, whereupon administration the dose is bioequivalent to 240 mg of dimethylfumarate (TECFIDERA®).

Another embodiment described herein is a method for manufacturing anoral pharmaceutical composition comprising the steps of:

-   -   (a) introducing mono- and di-glycerides into a 200 L mixing        vessel, adding polyvinylpyrrolidone, and mixing at 400±200 rpm        at 60±5° C. for not less than 30 min until the solution is        clear;    -   (b) adding polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil and mixing the        solution at 400±200 rpm at 60±5° C. for not less than 30 min        until the solution is clear;    -   (c) adding lactic acid and mixing at 400±200 rpm at 60±5° C. for        not less than 30 min until uniformly blended;    -   (d) cooling the solution in 200 L tank to 25±5° C. while mixing        at 400±200 rpm (a placebo fill can be removed at this step);    -   (e) vacuum transferring the solution to a 500 L vacuum deaerator        at 20±5° C. and mixing under vacuum for no less than 5 min;    -   (f) introducing solid particles of the fumarate ester API (PSD:        40-150 μm) into the deaerator vessel and homogenizing the        suspension for no less than 15 min;    -   (g) vacuum transferring the suspension to a 200 L medicine tank        and deaerating no less than 30 min at 20±5° C.; and    -   (h) homogenizing to form a final suspension at 10-50 rpm.

When the pharmaceutical composition is encapsulated in a soft capsule,the following steps are included:

-   -   (i) preparing a gel mass composition comprising a film-forming,        water-soluble polymer, an appropriate plasticizer, and solvent;    -   (j) casting the gel mass into films or ribbons using        heat-controlled drums or surfaces;    -   (k) transferring the homogenized suspension of step (h) to an        encapsulation line;    -   (l) injecting and encapsulating the transferred homogenized fill        solution (k) within the gell mass films or ribbons using rotary        dye encapsulation to create a capsule;    -   (m) drying and finishing the capsules;    -   (n) optionally, coating capsules with a sub-coating and drying;    -   (o) optionally, coating capsules with a coating and drying;    -   (p) optionally, coating capsules with a top coating and drying;        and    -   (q) post processing and packaging.

In one aspect, the coatings of steps (n)-(p) are performed in a coatingpan. In another aspect, the subcoating of step (n) compriseshydroxypropylmethylcellulose. In another aspect, the coating of step (o)comprises an enteric coating. In another aspect, the coating of step (o)comprises an enteric coating comprising a methacrylic acid and ethylacrylate copolymer. In another aspect, the coating of step (o) comprisesa polyvinyl alcohol coating.

Another embodiment described herein is a method for treating aneurological disease, neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disease, oran iatrogenic disease or disorder comprising orally administering one ormore doses of one or more fumarate esters described herein to a patientin need thereof, wherein the administration activates or modulates oneor more cellular signaling pathways. In one aspect, the cellularsignaling pathway comprises the nuclear erythroid-derived 2-like 2(Nrf2) dependent antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. Withoutbeing bound by any theory, it is believed that at least one aspect ofthe pharmacological activity of the fumarate esters described hereinexert an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect in patients with,for example, multiple sclerosis or psoriasis, by activating the Nrf2cellular signaling pathway. Although not completely understood, the Nrf2pathway is involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress, whichhas been linked to neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis and inother neurodegenerative or autoimmune diseases (e.g., HIV), see, e.g.,Gao et al., Clin. Pharmacol. 6:19-34 (2014), which is incorporated byreference herein for its teachings thereof.

It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the relevant art thatsuitable modifications and adaptations to the compositions,formulations, methods, processes, and applications described herein canbe made without departing from the scope of any embodiments or aspectsthereof. The compositions and methods provided are exemplary and are notintended to limit the scope of any of the specified embodiments. All ofthe various embodiments, aspects, and options disclosed herein can becombined in any variations or iterations. The scope of the compositions,formulations, methods, and processes described herein include all actualor potential combinations of embodiments, aspects, options, examples,and preferences herein described. The exemplary compositions andformulations described herein may omit any component, substitute anycomponent disclosed herein, or include any component disclosed elsewhereherein. The ratios of the mass of any component of any of thecompositions or formulations disclosed herein to the mass of any othercomponent in the formulation or to the total mass of the othercomponents in the formulation are hereby disclosed as if they wereexpressly disclosed. Should the meaning of any terms in any of thepatents or publications incorporated by reference conflict with themeaning of the terms used in this disclosure, the meanings of the termsor phrases in this disclosure are controlling. Furthermore, theforegoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplaryembodiments. All patents and publications cited herein are incorporatedby reference herein for the specific teachings thereof.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Two formulations of soft capsules comprising particles of a fumarateester having particle size distributions of PSD: d90≤100 μm weremanufactured. The dosage forms comprised two doses of fumarate ester,all with the same fill composition and the same soft gelatin shell. Thedoses were either 95 mg or 200 mg, fumarate ester and comprised 34%fumarate ester, 48% of a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides (e.g.,Capmul® MCM), 3% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 10% polyoxyl 40 hydrogenatedcastor oil, and 5% lactic acid. See Table 6. The matrix fill wasencapsulated in soft gelatin capsules comprising 195 Bloom gelatin usingrotary die encapsulation. See Table 7. The 90 mg dosage form wasmanufactured as number 5 oval capsules and the 200 mg dosage form wasmanufactured as number 12 oval capsules. After manufacturing and drying,the capsules were coated with a hydroxypropylmethylcellulose undercoatand dried. The capsules were then coated with an enteric coatingcontaining methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylate copolymer (e.g., EUDRAGIT®L100-55, Evonik; Acryl-EZE®, Colorcon). See Table 8. A polyvinyl alcoholmoisture barrier top-coating was applied to the enterically coatedcapsules (e.g., Opadry® amb II, Clear, Colorcon). Table 9.

TABLE 6 Fumarate Ester Compositions 95 mg Dose 200 mg Dose Mass (mg)Mass % Mass (mg) Mass % Component Fumarate Ester 95 34.2 200 34.2 CapmulMCM 132.5 47.8 278.9 47.8 Povidone K30 8.3 3.0 17.5 3.0 Polyoxyl 40hydrogenated 27.7 10.0 58.4 10.0 castor oil Lactic Acid 13.9 5.0 29.25.0 TOTAL 277.4 100.0% 584 100.0% Relational Mases and Ratios VehicleMass 182.4 66 384 66 Lipid Mass 168.5 61 354.8 61 API Mass 95 34 200 34Mass Ratio API:Lipid 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.56 Mass Ratio API:Vehicle 0.520.52 0.52 0.52

TABLE 7 Exemplary Soft Capsule Shell Composition Component Mass (g) MassPercent (%) Gelatin, 195 Bloom 172.4 52.2 Polysorb ® 85/70/00 99.0 30.0(D-Sorbitol/sorbitans) Purified water 58.0 17.6 Titanium Dioxide 0.80.24 FD&C Blue #1 0.2 0.06 TOTAL 330.4 100.0%

TABLE 8 Exemplary Enteric Coating Composition (Acryl-EZE ®, Colorcon)Component Mass (g) Mass Percent (%) Methacrylic acid, ethyl acrylatecopolymer Talc Triethyl citrate 1826 86.6 Sodium bicarbonate Colloidalanhydrous silica Sodium lauryl sulfate Triethyl citrate* 233.8 11.4Water^(†) 8236 399.8 TOTAL 2059.8 100.0% *Additional triethyl citrateadded. ^(†)A majority of the water evaporates during the coatingprocess.

TABLE 9 Moisture Barrier Top Coating Composition (Opadry ® amb II,Clear: Colorcon) Component Mass (g) Mass Percent (%) Polyvinyl alcoholGlyceryl mono-caprylate-caprate Sodium lauryl sulfate 600 10.0 TalcTitanium Dioxide Water* 5400 90.0 TOTAL 6000 100.0% *A majority of thewater evaporates during the coating process.

Example 2

The enterically coated soft capsules comprising the formulation shown inTable 9 were subject to two-stage dissolution experiments in a USPApparatus 2 (e.g., stationary basket over paddle at 100 rpm in 900 mL ofmedia, 37° C.) performed according to U.S. Pharmacopeial ConventionReference Standard Method (711) Dissolution. For these experiments, thecapsules were introduced in to simulated gastric fluid, 0.1 N HCl, pH1.2, for 2 hours. After 2 hours, the capsules were transferred tosimulated intestinal fluid, phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. Aliquots of themedia were removed at specific time points and analyzed by HPLC (AgilentZorbax SB-Phenyl, 4.6×150 mm, 5 μm) with UV detection at 220 nm. Assayswere performed in triplicate and the results averaged. The data is shownin Table 10 and the results are shown plotted in FIG. 1. The resultsshow that the capsules retain their enteric properties for at least 2hours in simulated gastric fluid at pH 1.2. The capsules began releasingthe fumarate ester shortly (˜15 minutes) after being transferred tosimulated intestinal fluid, pH 6.8. About 50% of the capsule contentswere released after about 52 min at pH 6.8 for the 95 mg dosage form.About 50% of the capsule contents were released after about 64 min at pH6.8 for the 200 mg dosage form. The mass of fumarate ester (e.g., mg)released at each time point (shown in Table 10) is plotted in FIG. 2.

TABLE 10 Two-Stage Dissolution Experiment 95 mg API 200 mg API Dissolu-Mass Dissolu- Mass Time Cumulative tion released tion released (min)Time (%) (mg) (%) (mg) Time at pH 1.2 (SGF) (min) 60 60 0 0 0 0 120 1200 0 0 0 Time at pH 6.8 (SIF) (min) 15 135 1 0.95 0 0 30 150 10 9.5 8 1645 165 31 29.45 19 38 60 180 75 71.25 44 88 90 210 100 95 86 172 120 240101 95.95 99 198 The T₅₀ for the 95 mg dosage form is approximately 52min at pH 6.8 (172 min cumulative) The T₅₀ for the 200 mg dosage form isapproximately 64 min at pH 6.8 (184 min cumulative)

Example 3

Two single-dose, randomized, open-label, two-way crossover, comparativebioavailability studies were conducted that compared two doses of BLS-11(190 mg or 200 mg) to Tecfidera® 240 mg DMF delayed-release capsules.Fifty (50), healthy, adult male and non-pregnant female subjects wereenrolled for each study. Subjects were randomized to one of twotreatment sequences prior to the first dose.

In each period, subjects received a single oral dose of BLS-11 190 mgadministered as two 95 mg delayed-release capsules (Test product A1), asingle oral dose of BLS-11 200 mg delayed-release capsule (Test productA2), or a single dose of Tecfidera® 240 mg DMF delayed-release capsule(Reference product, B1 and B2), followed by blood sampling (includingpredose sample) up to 24 hours postdose for the determination of plasmaconcentrations of MMF. There was a washout period of at least 2 daysbetween the two (Test or Reference) doses.

The Test product (for Treatment A1) was supplied as 95 mgdelayed-release capsules (Banner Life Sciences) at Hour 0 on Day 1.

The Test product (for Treatment A2) was supplied as 200 mgdelayed-release capsules (Banner Life Sciences) at Hour 0 on Day 1.

The Reference product (for Treatment B1 or B2) was supplied asTecfidera® 240 mg DMF delayed-release capsules (Biogen, Inc.) at Hour 0on Day 1.

All study drugs were administered with approximately 240 mL of waterfollowing an overnight (at least 10 hours) fast.

Blood samples for all subjects were collected in pre-chilled bloodcollection tubes containing sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate as thestabilizer and anticoagulant, respectively at scheduled time pointsdirect venipuncture using a disposable sterile needle at each time ofcollection. Blood samples were collected at collected at pre-dose (0hour), and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 8, 12 and24-hours post-dose in each study period.

Samples were analyzed for plasma MMF concentrations using validatedbioanalytical methods.

Example 4

Pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses of plasma concentration vs. time data ofMMF were performed using noncompartmental methods with the followingparameters calculated as appropriate or data permitting:

-   -   AUC_(0→τ): The area under the concentration-time curve, from        time 0 (dosing time) to the last time point (τ_(last)) with        measurable drug concentration, as calculated by the linear        trapezoidal method.    -   AUC_(0→∞): The area under the concentration-time curve from time        0 (dosing time) extrapolated to infinity. AUC_(0→∞) was        calculated as the sum of AUC_(0→τ) plus the ratio of the last        measurable drug concentration to the apparent terminal        first-order decay rate constant.    -   AUC_(% extrap): Percent of AUC_(0→∞) extrapolated from the last        time point with measurable drug concentration to infinity        calculated as (1−AUC_(0→τ)/AUC_(0→∞))×100.    -   C_(max): Maximum observed drug concentration.    -   T_(max): Time to reach C_(max). If the maximum value occurred at        more than one time point, tmax was defined as the first time        point with this value.    -   k_(el): Apparent terminal first-order decay rate constant        calculated from a semi-log plot of the plasma concentration-time        curve. The parameter was calculated by linear least-squares        regression analysis using at least three appropriate time points        in the terminal log-linear phase.    -   t_(1/2): Apparent plasma half-life calculated as 0.693/k_(el).

No values for k_(el), AUC_(0→∞), AUC_(% extrap), or t_(1/2) werereported for cases that did not exhibit an apparent terminal log-linearphase in the concentration-time profile. No parameters were calculatedfor subjects with three or fewer consecutive time points with detectableconcentrations throughout the collection period.

The sample size was calculated using a power of at least 95% and analpha error of 5%. The power was defined as the probability of having a90% CI to a Test/Reference ratio within the acceptance criteria of80.0-125.0%. A true ratio between 95-105% was assumed and anintra-subject CV of 24% was used. Fifty subjects were dosed in eachstudy. This included six additional subjects to account for possibledropouts or non-evaluable data.

An ANOVA was performed on the In-transformed AUC_(0→τ), AUC_(0→∞), andC_(max) using SAS® Proc Mixed. The ANOVA model included sequence,treatment, and period as fixed effects, and subject nested withinsequence as a random effect. Each ANOVA included calculation ofleast-squares means (LSM) of the In-transformed parameter as well as theLSM difference between treatments.

Ratios of geometric LSM (GLSM) were calculated using the exponentiationof the difference between treatment LSM from the analyses on theIn-transformed AUC_(0→τ), AUC_(0→∞), and C_(max). These ratios wereexpressed as a percentage, test relative to the reference (Treatment Avs. Treatment B).

Consistent with the two one-sided test, six 90% CIs for the GLSM ratioswere derived by exponentiation of the CIs obtained for the LSMdifference between treatments resulting from the analyses on theIn-transformed AUC_(0→τ), AUC_(0→∞), and C_(max). The CIs were expressedas a percentage, test relative to the reference (Treatment A vs.Treatment B).

Bioequivalence criteria were met if the 90% CIs for the ratios of GLSMsof C_(max) and AUC_(0→∞) of MMF of the Test (Treatment A1 or A2) to theReference (Treatment B1 or B2) fall within the limit of 80.0 and 125.0%.

Time to maximal drug concentration, tmax, will also be analyzed withouttransformation using a non-parametric method (Wilcoxon test). Thisanalysis was performed for information purpose, not for biequvalenceassessment.

The results of Test A1 and Reference B1 are shown in Tables 11-14 andFIG. 3. The results of Study A2 vs. Reference B2 are shown in Tables15-18 and FIG. 4. A summary of the pharmacokinetic parameters for TestA1, Reference B1, Test A2, and Reference B2 is shown in Table 19.

TABLE 11 Plasma MMF Concentrations (ng/mL) BLS-11, 190 mg (2 × 95 mg)(Test A1) Time (h) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 n 50 50 50 50 50 5050 50 50 50 49 Mean 0 0 29 98.4 421 656 700 734 660 888 805 Std. Dev 0 0175 287 673 757 777 692 672 855 779 SEM 0 0 24.8 40.6 95.1 107 110 97.995 121 111 Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25.6 Median 0 0 0 0 0 214 583 592507 667 518 Maximum 0 0 1230 1400 2320 2310 3070 2380 3470 4060 2700 CV% . . 603.4 291.5 159.7 115.4 110.9 94.3 101.8 96.3 96.7 Time: 5.5 6 6.57 7.5 8 9 10 11 12 24 n 48 43 36 28 21 15 5 1 0 0 0 Mean 564 350 239 152102 67.6 42.1 28.7 . . . Std. Dev 602 366 262 156 89.8 49.2 20.5 . . . .SEM 86.9 55.8 43.7 29.6 19.6 12.7 9.15 . . . . Minimum 26.7 26.3 26.225.5 25.5 25.5 25.8 28.7 . . . Median 224 199 142 109 69.2 50.5 28.828.7 . . . Maximum 2120 1390 1080 702 405 204 66.7 28.7 . . . CV % 106.6104.6 110 103.1 88 72.8 48.6 . . . . For the calculation of summarystatistics, values that are below the limit of quantitation (BLQ) of 25ng/mL are treated as 0 prior to T_(max) and as missing thereafter “.”Indicates value missing or not reportable.

TABLE 12 BLS-11, 190 mg (2 × 95 mg) (Test A1) AUC_(0→τ) AUC_(0→∞)AUC_(% extrap) C_(max) T_(max) K_(el) t_(1/2) (hr · ng/mL) (hr · ng/mL)(%) (ng/mL) (hr) (hr⁻¹) (hr) n 50 48 48 50 50 48 48 Mean 3060 3080 1.041860 3.82 1.35 0.533 Std. Dev 814 825 0.781 600 1.21 0.243 0.12 CV %26.6 26.8 75 32.2 31.7 18 22.6 SEM 115 119 0.113 84.8 0.171 0.03510.0174 Minimum 1560 1590 0.358 524 1 0.608 0.355 Median 3040 3030 0.8451860 4.25 1.33 0.52 Maximum 6020 6040 5.48 4060 6 1.95 1.14 Geom. Mean2960 2980 0.907 1770 3.59 1.33 0.522 Geom. CV % 26.7 26.6 50 34.5 39.319.6 19.6

TABLE 13 Tecfidera ® 240 mg (1 × 240 mg) DMF (Reference B1) AUC_(0→τ)AUC_(0→∞) AUC_(% extrap) C_(max) T_(max) K_(el) t_(1/2) (hr · ng/mL) (hr· ng/mL) (%) (ng/mL) (hr) (hr⁻¹) (hr) n 49 46 46 49 49 46 46 Mean 31303210 0.964 1770 2.72 1.31 0.558 Std. Dev 789 782 0.569 580 1.04 0.2910.15 CV % 25.2 24.4 59 32.7 38 22.1 26.9 SEM 113 115 0.0839 82.8 0.1480.0429 0.0221 Minimum 1940 1970 0.4 763 1 0.658 0.355 Median 3050 31200.817 1650 2.5 1.34 0.517 Maximum 5790 5820 3.7 3500 5 1.95 1.05 Geom.Mean 3040 3120 0.857 1680 2.54 1.28 0.542 Geom. CV % 49 46 46 49 49 4646

TABLE 14 Test A1 vs. Reference B1 BLS-11, 190 mg (2 × 95 mg) (Test A1)vs. Tecfidera ® 240 mg (1 × 240 mg) DMF (Reference B1) Test ReferenceGeometric Intra- Geometric Geometric Mean Lower Upper Subject ParametersLSM LSM Ratio 90% CI 90% CI CV % AUC_(0→τ) 2950 3040 97.09 92.32 102.1214.96 (hr · ng/mL) AUC_(0→∞) 3040 3120 97.34 92.48 102.44 14.67 (hr ·ng/mL) C_(max) 1760 1680 104.84 95.54 115.05 27.93 (ng/mL) Test A1: Anoral dose of BLS-11 190 mg (2 × 95 mg) Reference B1: A single oral doseof Tecfidera ® 240 mg (1 × 240 mg) DMF Geometric least-squares means(LSMs) are calculated by exponentiating the LSMs derived from the ANOVAGeometric Mean Ratio (GMR) = 100 × (Test/Reference) Intra-subject CV % =100 × square root(exp[MSE]⁻¹), where MSB is the Residual Variance fromANOVA

TABLE 15 Plasma MMF Concentrations (ng/mL) BLS-11, 200 mg (1 × 20 mg)(Test A2) Time (h) 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 n 49 49 49 49 48 4949 49 47 49 49 Mean 0 0 0 19 283 764 966 1060 1040 1070 676 Std. Dev 0 00 133 1010 1180 1080 866 834 969 807 SEM 0 0 0 19 146 168 154 124 122138 115 Minimum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Median 0 0 0 0 0 120 691 1020 861725 397 Maximum 0 0 0 930 6380 5270 3660 3560 3530 3420 3500 CV % . . .700 356.9 154.3 111.5 81.9 80 90.7 119.4 Time: 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 9 10 1112 24 n 47 40 32 24 13 7 4 2 0 0 0 Mean 420 299 207 172 194 203 91.738.7 . . . Std. Dev 543 419 320 302 303 259 60.7 5.52 . . . SEM 79.266.3 56.6 61.7 83.9 97.8 30.4 3.9 . . . Minimum 29.4 29.4 25.5 26.8 28.226.9 35.6 34.8 . . . Median 197 105 77.5 52.8 59.8 134 82.6 38.7 . . .Maximum 2410 1860 1410 1380 1110 758 166 42.6 . . . CV % 129.1 140.2154.3 175.7 156.1 127.4 66.2 14.3 . . . For the calculation of summarystatistics, values that are below the limit of quantitation (BLQ) of 25ng/mL are treated as 0 prior to T_(max) and as missing thereafter “.”Indicates value missing or not reportable

TABLE 16 BLS-11 200 mg (1 × 200 mg) (Test A2) AUC_(0→τ) AUC_(0→∞)AUC_(% extrap) C_(max) T_(max) K_(el) t_(1/2) (hr · ng/mL) (hr · ng/mL)(%) (ng/mL) (hr) (hr⁻¹) (hr) n 49 49 49 49 49 49 49 Mean 3440 3470 0.8552370 3.84 1.43 0.497 Std. Dev 1150 1150 0.329 1090 0.965 0.232 0.0889 CV% 33.5 33.2 38.4 45.8 25.2 16.2 17.9 SEM 164 164 0.047 155 0.138 0.03310.0127 Minimum 1580 1610 0.346 883 2 0.916 0.354 Median 3360 3380 0.7852260 4 1.48 0.467 Maximum 7360 7390 1.65 6380 6.5 1.96 0.757 Geom. Mean3260 3290 0.794 2160 3.72 1.41 0.49 Geom. CV % 33.7 33.4 40.9 46.5 2617.1 17.1

TABLE 17 Tecfidera ® 240 mg (1 × 240 mg) DMF (Reference B2) AUC_(0→τ)AUC_(0→∞) AUC_(% extrap) C_(max) T_(max) K_(el) t_(1/2) (hr · ng/mL) (hr· ng/mL) (%) (ng/mL) (hr) (hr⁻¹) (hr) n 50 44 44 50 50 44 44 Mean 31203170 0.924 1870 3.06 1.37 0.523 Std. Dev 774 776 0.455 692 1.45 0.2340.106 CV % 24.8 24.5 49.2 36.9 47.2 17.1 20.3 SEM 109 117 0.0686 97.80.204 0.0353 0.016 Minimum 1700 1720 0.347 613 1 0.73 0.383 Median 32403310 0.772 1800 2.5 1.37 0.506 Maximum 5180 5200 2.2 3650 9 1.81 0.95Geom. Mean 3030 3070 0.834 1750 2.81 1.35 0.514 Geom. CV % 26.1 25.746.5 40.4 42.5 18.5197 18.5

TABLE 18 Test A2 vs. Reference B2 Test Reference Geometric Intra-Geometric Geometric Mean Lower Upper Subject Parameters LSM LSM Ratio90% CI 90% CI CV % AUC_(0→τ) 3270 3020 108.07 101.74 114.79 17.94 (hr ·ng/mL) AUC_(0→∞) 3390 3070 110.63 104 117.69 17.16 (hr · ng/mL) C_(max)2150 1740 124.14 110.47 139.5 35.44 (ng/mL) Test A2: A single oral doseof BLS-11 200 mg (1 × 200 mg) Reference B2: A single oral dose ofTecfidera ® 240 mg (1 × 240 mg) DMF Geometric least-squares means (LSMs)are calculated by exponentiating the LSMs derived from the ANOVAGeometric Mean Ratio (GMR) = 100 × (Test/Reference) Intra-subject CV % =100 × square root(exp[MSE]⁻¹), where MSE is the Residual Variance fromANOVA

TABLE 19 Summary of Pharmacokinetic Parameters AUC_(0→τ) AUC_(0→∞)AUC_(% extrap) C_(max) T_(max) K_(el) t_(1/2) (hr · ng/mL) (hr · ng/mL)(%) (ng/mL) (hr) (hr⁻¹) (hr) BLS-11, 3060 3080 1.04 1860 3.82 1.35 0.533190 mg Std Dev. 814 825 0.781 600 1.21 0.243 0.12 Tecfidera, 3130 32100.964 1770 2.72 1.31 0.558 240 mg DMF Std Dev. 789 782 0.569 580 1.040.291 0.15 BLS-11, 3440 3470 0.855 2370 3.84 1.43 0.497 200 mg Std Dev.1150 1150 0.329 1090 0.965 0.232 0.0889 Tecfidera, 3120 3170 0.924 18703.06 1.37 0.523 240 mg DMF Std Dev. 774 776 0.455 692 1.45 0.234 0.106

The invention claimed is:
 1. A pharmaceutical dosage form comprising asoft capsule and about 85 mg to about 100 mg of one or more fumarateesters in an immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquidvehicle, wherein contemporaneous administration to a subject of twodosage forms provides one or more of pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) amean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1860 ng/mL; (b) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.82 hr; (c) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.
 2. The dosage form of claim1, wherein the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate, monomethylfumarate, a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof.3. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the fumarate ester comprisesdimethyl fumarate.
 4. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the fumarateester comprises monomethyl fumarate.
 5. The dosage form of claim 1,wherein the immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehiclecomprises a mixture of mono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone,polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, and lactic acid.
 6. The dosage formof claim 1, wherein the soft capsule is enterically coated.
 7. Thedosage form of claim 1, wherein contemporaneous administration of twodosage forms to a subject provides pharmacokinetic parameters that arebioequivalent to a single 240 mg dose of dimethyl fumarate.
 8. Thedosage form of claim 7, wherein the single 240 mg dose of dimethylfumarate comprises a delayed release capsule comprising a plurality ofenterically coated minitablets.
 9. The dosage form of claim 1, whereinthe dosage form releases about 50% of the fumarate ester after about 50min to about 65 min in sodium phosphate, pH 6.8, in a USP Apparatus 2 at37° C.
 10. The dosage form of claim 1, wherein the immediate releasingsingle-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle comprises: (a) about 30% toabout 35% by mass fumarate ester; (b) about 20% to about 50% by massmono- and di-glycerides; (c) about 0.75% to about 5% by mass polyvinylpyrrolidone; (e) about 2% to about 12% by mass polyoxyl 40 hydrogenatedcastor oil; and (e) about 1% to about 5% by mass lactic acid.
 11. Apharmaceutical dosage form comprising a soft capsule and about 160 mg toabout 200 mg of one or more fumarate esters in an immediate releasingsingle-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle, wherein administration of onedosage form to a subject provides one or more pharmacokineticparameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 2370ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.8 hr;(c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3440 hr·ng/mL;(d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3470 hr·ng/mL;(e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 0.86%; (f) amean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.
 12. The dosage formof claim 11, wherein the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate,monomethyl fumarate, a pro-drug of monomethyl fumarate, or a combinationthereof.
 13. The dosage form of claim 11, wherein the immediatereleasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle comprises a mixture ofmono- and di-glycerides, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyoxyl 40 hydrogenatedcastor oil, and lactic acid.
 14. The dosage form of claim 11, whereinthe soft capsule is enterically coated.
 15. A method for treating orreducing symptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject comprisingcontemporaneously administering to a subject in need thereof twopharmaceutical dosage froms comprising about 80 mg to about 100 mg ofone or more fumarate esters in an immediate releasing single-phasenon-aqueous liquid vehicle that provides one or more pharmacokineticparameters: (a) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1860ng/mL; (b) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.82 hr;(c) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL;(d) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr·ng/mL;(e) a mean plasma monomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) amean plasma monomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a meanplasma monomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.
 16. The method ofclaim 15, wherein the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate. 17.The method of claim 15, wherein the fumarate ester comprises monomethylfumarate.
 18. The method of claim 15, wherein contemporaneousadministration of two dosage forms to a subject provides pharmacokineticparameters that are bioequivalent to a single 240 mg dose of dimethylfumarate.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the single 240 mg dose ofdimethyl fumarate comprises a delayed release capsule comprising aplurality of enterically coated minitablets.
 20. A method for treatingor reducing symptoms of multiple sclerosis in a subject comprisingadministering to a subject in need thereof one pharmaceutical dosageform comprising about 160 mg to about 200 mg of one or more fumarateester in an immediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehiclethat provides one or more pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 2370 ng/mL; (b) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.8 hr; (c) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3440 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3470 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 0.86%; (f) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.
 21. The method of claim 20,wherein the fumarate ester comprises dimethyl fumarate.
 22. The methodof claim 20, wherein the fumarate ester comprises monomethyl fumarate.23. A method for treating or reducing symptoms of multiple sclerosis ina subject comprising administering to a subject in need thereof about170 mg to about 200 mg of dimethyl fumarate or monomethyl fumarate in animmediate releasing single-phase non-aqueous liquid vehicle thatprovides one or more pharmacokinetic parameters: (a) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate C_(max) of about 1860 ng/mL; (b) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate T_(max) of about 3.82 hr; (c) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→τ) of about 3060 hr·ng/mL; (d) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(0→∞) of about 3080 hr·ng/mL; (e) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate AUC_(% ex) of about 1.0%; (f) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate K_(el) of about 1.4 hr⁻¹; or (g) a mean plasmamonomethyl fumarate t_(1/2) of about 0.5 hr.